[33] Voltaire's "Essai sur les m？urs" is of 1756； "L'Esprit des Lois"by Montesquieu also， in 1754， and his "Traité des Sensations." The "Emile" of Rousseau is of 1762； the "Traité de la formation mécanique des langues，" by de Brosses， is of 1765； the "Physiocratie" by Quesnay appeared in 1768， and the "Encyclopédie" between 1750 and 1765.
[34] On the equal value of the testing process in moral and physical sciences， David Hume， in 1737， stated the matter decisively in his "Essay on Human Nature." Since that time， and particularly since the "Compte-rendu" by Necker， but especially in our time， statistics have shown that the near or remote determining motives of human action are powers (Grandeurs) expressed by figures， interdependent， and which warrant， here as elsewhere， precise and numerical foresight.
[35] What an impression Taine's description of Napoleon's set-up must have had on Hitler， Lenin and， possibly Stalin and their successors.
(SR.)
[36] Cf. Liard， "L'Enseignement supérieur en France，" vol. I.， in full. - Also the law of Brumaire 3， year Iv. (Oct.25， 1795)， on the primitive organization of the Institute.
[37] Decree of Jan. 23， 1803.
[38] Decree of March 21， 1816
[39] "Corréspondance de Napoléon，" letters to M. de Champagny， Dec.13， 1805， and Jan. 3， 1806. "I see with pleasure the promise made by M. de Lalande and what passed on that occasion."[40] De Ségur， "Mémoires，" III.， 457. - " M. de Chateaubriand composed his address with a good deal of skill； he evidently did not wish to offend any of his colleagues without even excepting Napoleon. He lauded with great eloquence the fame of the Emperor and exalted the grandeur of republican sentiments." In explanation of and excusing his silence and omissions regarding his regicide predecessor， he likened Chénier to Milton and remarked that， for forty years， the same silence had been observed in England with reference to Milton.
[41] Edmond Leblanc， "Napoléon 1ere et ses institutions civiles eLadministratives，" pp. 225-233. - Annuaire de 1'Institut for 1813[42] Law of Oct. 25， 1795， and act of Jan. 23， 1803.
[43] R？derer， III.， 548. - Id.， III.， 332 (Aug. 2， 1801).
[44] Welschinger，" La Censure sous le premier Empire，" p.440. (Speech by Napoleon to the Council of State， Dec.20， 1812.) - Merlet， "Tableau de la littérature fran？aise de 1800 à 1815，" I.， 128. M. Royer-Collard had just given his first lecture at the Sorbonne to an audience of three hundred persons against the philosophy of Locke and Condillac (1811). Napoleon， having read the lecture， says on the following day to Talleyrand： "Do you know， Monsieur le Grand-Electeur， that a new and very important philosophy is appearing in my University . . .
which may well rid us entirely of the ideologists by killing them on the spot with reason？ " - Royer-Collard， on being informed of this eulogium， remarked to some of his friends： "The Emperor is mistaken.
Descartes is more disobedient to despotism than Locke."[45] Mignet， "Notices et Portraits." (Eulogy of M. de Tracy.)[46] J.-B. Say， "Traité d'économie-politique，" 2d ed.， 1814 (Notice).
"The press was no longer free. Every exact presentation of things received the censure of a government founded on a lie."[47] Welschinger， p. 160 (Jan. 24， 1810). - Villemain， "Souvenirs contemporains，" vol. I.， p. 180. After 1812， "it is literally exact to state that every emission of written ideas， every historical mention， even the most remote and most foreign， became a daring and suspicious matter." - (Journal of Sir John Malcolm， Aug. 4， 1815， visit to Langlès， the orientalist， editor of Chardin， to which he has added notes， one of which is on the mission to Persia of Sir John Malcolm)"He at first said to me that he had followed another author：
afterwards he excused himself by alleging the system of Bonaparte， whose censors， he said， not only cut out certain passages， but added others which they believed helped along his plans."[48] Reading this Lenin and others like him undoubtedly would agree with Napoleon and therefore liberally fund plans to place agents and controllers in all the Universities in the World hence ensuring politically correct attitudes. (SR.)[49] Merlet， ibid. (According to the papers of M. de Fontanes， II.
258.)
[50] Id.， Ibid. "Care must be taken to avoid all reaction in speaking of the Revolution. No man could oppose it. Blame belongs neither to those who have perished nor to those who survived it. It was not in any individual might to change the elements and foresee events born out of the nature of things."[51] Villemain， Ibid.， I.， 145. (Words of M. de Narbonne on leaving Napoleon after several interviews with him in 1812.) "The Emperor， so powerful， 50 victorious is disturbed by only one thing in this world and that is by people who talk， and， in default of these， by those who think. And yet he seems to like them or， at least， cannot do without them."[52] Welschinger， ibid.， p.30. (Session of the Council of State， Dec.12， 1809)[53] Welschinger， ibid.， pp.31， 33， 175， 190. (Decree of Feb.5， 1810.)- "Revue Critique，" Sep. 1870. (Weekly bulletin of the general direction of publicauons for the last three months of 1810 and the first three months of 1814， published by Charles Thursot.)[54] Collection of laws and decrees， vol. XII.， p.170. " When the censors shall have examined a work and allowed the publication of it， the publishers shall be authorized to have it printed. But the minister of the police shall still have the right to suppress it entirely if he thinks proper." - Welschinger， ibid.， pp. 346-374.
[55] Welschinger， ibid.， pp. 173， 175.