书城工业安全化困境:亚洲的视角
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第20章 南亚的安全化矩阵:孟加拉移民问题(4)

另外,认清人口迁移和全球/区域经济和秩序之间的联系也是非常重要的。著名记者、激进主义者奈尔引用孟加拉商人的话说:“如果你能使孟加拉的经济复苏,对印度的渗透将会自行停止。”人们冒着生命危险穿越国界是因为渺茫的希望,他们不得不这样做。如果印度必须要阻止非法移民,它就不应该仅从安全方面考虑此问题,而应该给移民发放工作证,让其有序进入、合法工作、暂住。给印度居民和来自孟加拉从事特殊行业的人发放身份证也是一个有效的方法。更实际的方法是堵住源头,实施同化政策,就像阿萨姆下议院前总统霍曼推行的那样,承认已经进入印度的孟加拉人为阿萨姆社会的一部分。在孟加拉非法移民的案例中,安全化过程又衍生出许多东西。它的确帮助统治精英们巩固了他们的爱国主义形象,尤其是在多数人中间扩大了政治基础。但在将问题安全化的同时,也暴露出问题的严重性。安全化最重要的益处在于,它消除了关于该问题的不同政见。问题一旦被当作国家安全威胁提出,对左翼和世俗力量来说,将不再可能将其简单地提上共有的议事日程。

然而安全化进程也预先为区域合作解决问题提供了某种可能。事实上,非法移民不是说一个国家的非法移民侵入另一个国家,它本身不属于安全问题,从本质上说是贫民跨越过境、追求体面生活的问题。传统的安全角度没有为理解问题提供线索。现在解决移民问题急需的是一种人道主义的方法,在尊重本国公民应有权利的同时,为无籍人士提供人道主义援助,方便其在国际框架下活动也非常重要。避免非传统安全问题如非法移民成为主要的国家安全问题的唯一方法在于,对和平和人类发展的持续追求,以及将复杂问题置于随机且破缺的边界背景下考量。

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