`"I do not believe," says Mr Froude, "that the condition of the people in Mediaeval Europe was as miserable as is pretended.I do not believe that the distribution of the necessaries of life was as unequal as it is at present.If the tenant lived hard, the lord had little luxury.Earls and countesses breakfasted at five in the morning, on salt beef and herring, a slice of bread and a draught of ale from a blackjack.Lords and servants dined in the same hall and shared the same meal."`When we arrive at the system that displaced Feudalism, we find that the condition of the workers was better in every way than it is at present.The instruments of production - the primitive machinery and the tools necessary for the creation of wealth - belonged to the skilled workers who used them, and the things they produced were also the property of those who made them.
`In those days a master painter, a master shoemaker, a master saddler, or any other master tradesmen, was really a skilled artisan working on his own account.He usually had one or two apprentices, who were socially his equals, eating at the same table and associating with the other members of his family.It was quite a common occurrence for the apprentice - after he had attained proficiency in his work - to marry his master's daughter and succeed to his master's business.In those days to be a "master" tradesman meant to be master of the trade, not merely of some underpaid drudges in one's employment.The apprentices were there to master the trade, qualifying themselves to become master workers themselves; not mere sweaters and exploiters of the labour of others, but useful members of society.In those days, because there was no labour-saving machinery the community was dependent for its existence on the productions of hand labour.Consequently the majority of the people were employed in some kind of productive work, and the workers were honoured and respected citizens, living in comfort on the fruits of their labour.They were not rich as we understand wealth now, but they did not starve and they were not regarded with contempt, as are their successors of today.
`The next great change came with the introduction of steam machinery.
That power came to the aid of mankind in their struggle for existence, enabling them to create easily and in abundance those things of which they had previously been able to produce only a bare sufficiency.Awonderful power - equalling and surpassing the marvels that were imagined by the writers of fairy tales and Eastern stories - a power so vast - so marvellous, that it is difficult to find words to convey anything like an adequate conception of it.
`We all remember the story, in The Arabian Nights, of Aladdin, who in his poverty became possessed of the Wonderful Lamp and - he was poor no longer.He merely had to rub the Lamp - the Genie appeared, and at Aladdin's command he produced an abundance of everything that the youth could ask or dream of.With the discovery of steam machinery, mankind became possessed of a similar power to that imagined by the Eastern writer.At the command of its masters the Wonderful Lamp of Machinery produces an enormous, overwhelming, stupendous abundance and superfluity of every material thing necessary for human existence and happiness.With less labour than was formerly required to cultivate acres, we can now cultivate miles of land.In response to human industry, aided by science and machinery, the fruitful earth teems with such lavish abundance as was never known or deemed possible before.If you go into the different factories and workshops you will see prodigious quantities of commodities of every kind pouring out of the wonderful machinery, literally like water from a tap.
`One would naturally and reasonably suppose that the discovery or invention of such an aid to human industry would result in increased happiness and comfort for every one; but as you all know, the reverse is the case; and the reason of that extraordinary result, is the reason of all the poverty and unhappiness that we see around us and endure today - it is simply because - the machinery became the property of a comparatively few individuals and private companies, who use it not for the benefit of the community but to create profits for themselves.
`As this labour-saving machinery became more extensively used, the prosperous class of skilled workers gradually disappeared.Some of the wealthier of them became distributers instead of producers of wealth; that is to say, they became shopkeepers, retailing the commodities that were produced for the most part by machinery.But the majority of them in course of time degenerated into a class of mere wage earners, having no property in the machines they used, and no property in the things they made.
`They sold their labour for so much per hour, and when they could not find any employer to buy it from them, they were reduced to destitution.
`Whilst the unemployed workers were starving and those in employment not much better off, the individuals and private companies who owned the machinery accumulated fortunes; but their profits were diminished and their working expenses increased by what led to the latest great change in the organization of the production of the necessaries of life - the formation of the Limited Companies and the Trusts; the decision of the private companies to combine and co-operate with each other in order to increase their profits and decrease their working expenses.The results of these combines have been - an increase in the quantities of the things produced: a decrease in the number of wage earners employed - and enormously increased profits for the shareholders.