fence,hedge
名词。这两个词的共同含义是篱。fence指用树枝或金属丝编成的篱笆。hedge指用灌木密植而成的树篱。
few,little
形容词。这两个词的共同含义是“少”。few指“数少”,用于可数的事物。表示否定时用few。如:Few people attended the meeting.(几乎没有人参加会议。)表示肯定时用a few。如:A few people attended the meeting.(有几个人参加会议。)little指“量少”,用于不可数的事物。表示否定时用little。如:I have little knowledge of cookery.(我对烹饪几乎不懂。)表示肯定时用a little。如:I have a little knowledge of cookery.(我对烹饪略知一二。)
fiction,novel,novelette,story,tale
名词。这几个词的共同含义是故事。fiction是编造的故事即小说的总称,包括长篇小说、短篇小说、传奇等,如popular fiction(通俗小说)。novel指长篇小说。novelette常含贬义,指短篇或中篇小说,如silly novelettes(无聊的短篇小说)。story既可指真实的故事,如stories about the Long March of the Red Army(红军长征的故事),也可指小说。tale指虚构的故事,不一定够小说的文学水平,如old wives'tales(荒唐故事),a tale about good fairies(小善仙的故事)等。
fiddle,violin
名词。这两个词的共同含义是提琴。fiddle是通俗用语,指小提琴或其他提琴类乐器。violin是小提琴的正式专业名称。
job,occupation,profession,trade,vocation,work
名词。这几个词的共同含义是职业。job通常指一切有收入的工作,包括长期的和临时的职业,不分脑力劳动或体力劳动,也不分是否有技艺。如:The young man found a well-paid job in a small town.(这小伙子在一个小城市找到了一份收入不错的工作。)occupation泛指各种职业。如:These representatives came from various occupations in-cluding medical circles and carpentry.(代表们来自各行各业,包括医务界和木匠业。)profession多指脑力劳动者或受过专门训练者从事的职业,如the profession of journalism(新闻业),the teaching profession(教书的职业)等。trade强调行业,尤指需要手艺的行业,如the building trade(建筑行业),a barber by trade(职业理发师)等。vocation指胜任且适合志趣的职业。如:He has a genius for painting and has decided to choose painting as his vocation.(他具有绘画的天分,已决定以绘画为职业。)work是最通用的词,其含义同occupation,也指不一定作为职业的具体的活儿。如:He has done a good day's work.(他已干了整整一天的活儿。)
file,rank
名词。这两个词的共同含义是行列。file指纵列。如:We marched in single file.(我们排成单行前进。)rank指横列。如:A guard of honour marched in the front rank of the parading processions.(仪仗队走在游行队伍的前列。)
final,last,ultimate
形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“最后的”。final指“在一个发展过程中最后的”。如:Election of a new central committee was the final item on the agenda.(选举新的中央委员会是议程上最后的项目。)last指“一系列相同或相似的事物中最后的”。如:The quotation was taken from the last chapter of the book.(这段话引自这本书的最后一章。)ultimate指“在一个长久的发展过程中最后阶段的”。如:After many defeats,we won the ultimate victory in the war.(多次受挫之后,我方终于赢得战争的最后胜利。)
fit,hale,healthy,hearty,robust,sound,strong,vigorous,well
形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“健康的”。fit既可指“强健的”,也可指“健康无病的”。hale是文学用词,指“强壮的”,尤指老年人身体很好,常用于短语hale and hearty中。如:Old as he is,he is hale and hearty.(他虽年老,身体却很强健。)healthy是最通用的词,可指“强健、健康及有益于健康的”。hearty指“精神饱满的”,与hale的用法相同。robust一般指年轻人的健壮,如a robust young athlete(健壮的年轻运动员)。sound专指“健全的”。如:The baby has a sound constitution.(这婴儿身体健全。)strong指“身体强壮有力的”。如:He is strong as a bull.(他力大如牛。)vigorous指“精力充沛的”。如:Her rosy cheeks and sparkling eyes spoke of her vigorous good health.(红润的脸蛋和亮晶晶的眼睛说明她身体充满活力。)well是最常用的词,往往仅指“没有病”。如:I'm quite well ,thank you.(谢谢你,我很好。)The teacher doesn't look well this morning.(老师今天早晨气色不好。)
fix,mend,repair
动词。这几个词的共同含义是修理或修补。fix是美式英语,指对用旧、穿坏、被打破之物进行修理或修补,如fix a used car(修二手车),fix a broken chair(修破椅子)等。mend指对破洞、裂口等进行修补或缝补,如mend a broken vase(补破花瓶),mend a torn curtain(补撕裂的窗帘)等。repair的含义和用法同fix。
fleece,sheepskin
名词。这两个词的共同含义是羊皮。fleece指带羊毛的生羊皮或羊皮筒子。sheepskin指制成皮革的羊皮,尤指带毛之羊皮,可做皮衣、鞋等。
flesh,meat
名词。这两个词的共同含义是肉。flesh指人或脊椎动物的肌肉组织,也指动物之食用肉或水果蔬菜之肉,如flesh and blood(血肉之躯),flesh wound(皮肉轻伤),the flesh of fruit(果肉)等。meat指除鱼和鸟以外的动物之肉,也指除鱼以外的动物之食用肉,如meat pie(肉饼),steamed bun with meat stuffing(肉包子)等。
floor,storey
名词。这两个词的共同含义是楼层。floor指某一多层建筑的某一层,用序数词表示。如:We live on the third floor of that building.(我们住在那栋楼房的第三层。)storey是美式英语,指某一多层建筑的楼层总数,用基数词表示。如:She lives in a building of ten storeys.(她住在一栋10层楼房里。)
fog,haze,mist
名词。这几个词的共同含义是雾。fog指较浓的雾,如a dense fog(大雾)。haze指烟雾或阴霾,如a haze of cigarette smoke(香烟的烟雾)。mist指薄雾,如trees covered in mist(薄雾笼罩的树木)。比较起来,fog最浓,其次是mist,再其次是haze。
folk,nation,nationality,people,race,tribe
名词。这几个词的共同含义是有共同文化或种族特点的人。folk指人或人们,如country folk(乡下人),fisher folk(渔民)等。nation主要指民族,包括散居在各地的民族和现代国家形成后的全国人民,如the German nation(日耳曼民族),the Chinese nation(中华民族)等。nationality指多民族国家中的一个民族,如the Miao nationality(苗族)。people指一个国家的全体人民,也可泛指人、人们或属于某一地区、阶级、行业、团体等的人,如the Chinese people(中国人民),the Shanghai people(上海人),the customhouse people(海关人员)等。race指种族,如the white races(白种人),the European races(欧洲人),race prejudice(种族偏见)等。tribe指部落,如a wandering tribe of hunters(狩猎的游牧部落),American Indian tribes(美洲印第安人部落)等。
foray,incursion,raid,sortie
名词。这几个词的共同含义是突袭。foray专指为了破坏或掠夺武器、食品等而对敌国进行的突袭。如:The officer sent a few of his men to make forays on the frontier of the neighbouring country and brought back some cereals.(军官派了一小队人偷袭邻国的边疆,带回一些粮食。)incursion指别国领土的突然入侵。如:The nomads made incursions into the Roman Empire.(游牧民族多次侵入罗马帝国。)raid指为了破坏而非占领别国领土或阵地而进行的突袭,如make an air raid on the enemy position(对敌军阵地进行空袭)。sortie专指被包围的军队对围攻者进行的突击。如:The besieged troops failed in several sorties to break through an encirclement.(被围困的军队几次突围均未成功。)
forest,jungle,woods
名词。这几个词的共同含义是成片生长的树木。forest指大片生长的树木,即森林。jungle特指热带丛林。woods指树林,比森林小。
forget,neglect,omit
动词。这几个词的共同含义是忘记。forget泛指忘记,不管原因如何。如:I'm sorry,I was forgetting you don't like bean curd.(对不起,我忘了你不爱吃豆腐。)He forgot his old friends when he made a fortune.(他发财后就忘了老朋友。)neglect强调因疏忽而忘记,如neglect one's duties(玩忽职守),neglect one's meals and sleep(废寝忘食)等。omit的含义同neglect,但程度较轻。