1.company的含义及用法
If you can neither receive nor bestow benefit,you had better leave that company at once.一句译成“如果你既不能得到好处,也不能给与好处,你最好马上离开那家公司。”不知对否?又请将company的含义及用法举例说明。
【解答】质问中的英文句子应译作“如果你交的朋友对你无益,你也不能对他有所帮助,你就得马上离开他。”因为句中的company一字,意为交友而误为公司,所以因一字之差而全文皆错。
英文的company有下列九种用法:
(1)一群人(a group of people),例如:
A great company came to the exhibition.(许多人来看展览会。)
(2)为某种目的而集合的人(a number of people combined,esp.one with a common purpose),例如:
The company are now enjoying a feast.(会众正在宴会中。)
(3)同伴,陪伴(companionship),例如:
He kept me company.(他陪伴了我。)
(4)交友(companions)例如:
A man is known by the company he keeps.(看他所交的朋友。就可知道一个人的好坏。近朱者赤。近墨者黑。)
His father asked him to avoid bad company.(他父亲要他别交损友。)
(5)宾客,来宾(a number of invited guests),例如:
We are expecting company next week.(下星期我们要请客。)
We have company today.(我们今日请客。)
(6)公司,行号(a business organization),例如:
Wy organized a publishing company.(我们组织一家出版公司。)
(7)(陆军中的)连(the part of an army commanded by a captain),例如:
This company commanded the passage to the for-tress.(这连军队控制住通往要塞的路。)
(8)全体船员(a ship's crew),例如:
The ship's company assembled on deck for inspection.(全体船员在甲板上集合,以备检阅。)
(9)戏班(a party of actors playing together),例如:
The play was staged by a theatrical company.(那出戏由一个戏班子演出。)
中国请帖上说的“敬备菲酌,恭候光临”,英译时也用得著company一字,即——request the pleasure of your company at dinner或——request the honour of——'s company at dinner或简单地说——request the company of——at dinner.
Company在用作“宾客”解时,前面不加冠词,不问来客有多人,也不能用复数的companies,只能说:
We have company at dinner.(请客吃饭。)
He alwnys has company on Saturday evenings.(他礼拜六晚上总要请客。)
作“公司”解的company的用法,也有须要注意的地方。把company看作单数或复数都可以,如:
The cinema company is(或are)holding its(或their)annual meeting.(电影公司正在召开年会。)
在company(普通略作Co.)的前面,&的有无随便,如Smith和另外的一些人合资经营一种商业,普通叫做Smith&Co.,但也可以叫做The Smith Company凡有&的,前面不可加the(不可说The Smith&Co.)如没有&,则前面用the或不用the皆可。没有姓的公司名,决不可以用&,即不可以说The Cinema&Co,只能说The Cinema Company.至于The Smith&Jones Company是可以的,因为&并不在company字前,而是用来联结两个人名的。
单独一个公司不可说成复数,但几个公司则是要用复数的,如:the“Big Three”vehicle producing companies(三大汽车制造公司),affiliated compsnies(有密切联系的诸公司。)
现再就作“友伴”解的company举例说明一下。首先使我想到的是倍根(F.Bacon)在谈友谊(On Friendship)一文中说:
A crowd is not company,and faces are but a gallery of pictures......when there is no love.(群众并不是友伴,要是没有爱的话,那些人的面孔不过是画廊中所见到的肖像画吧了。)
从前的政治家和现在民主时代的不同,他们那时还不知要捉住群众的心,而加以利用呢。现代的政治家决不会说群众不是友伴的话的。
王尔德(Oscar Wi1de)说:
In married life three is company and two none.(在结婚生活中,没有孩子是寂寞的。)
王尔德说的这句话是从一句英文Proverb套出来的逆说。那谚语说:
Two is company,but three is none.(两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。)
最后请看R.Lynd在The Shy Father一文中说的:
It is not that I dislike the company of women and chidren;on the whole,I think it the best company in the world.But,as Bacon has said,a crowd is not compnny,and the loneliness of a man entirely surrounded by women and children surpasses even the loneliness of a man isolated in the middle of the Sahara.(并不是我不喜欢有女人和孩于作伴;大概说起来,我想这是世间最好的友伴。不过倍根却说群众并不是友伴,由女人和孩子完全包围着的男人的孤寂,比独自一人在撒哈拉沙漠当中的男人的孤寂尤有过之。)
2.废物的英文
在清洁运动声中,街上到处都设置得有废物箱以免人们乱丢东西。这种在街上或公园里随意乱丢的东西叫litter,不知是否可以译作废物?英文表示废物的,还有些什么其他的字?
【解答】litter并不真是废物,而是用后散置的“杂物”即英文说的零零碎碎(odds and ends),或索兴说是残余物(leavings),例如:Always pick up your litter after a picnic.(野餐后务将一切杂物收拾起来。)进而发生“杂乱”,“零乱”的意思,如云:This room is in a state of litter.(这房间零乱得很。)此字还可作动词用,意即在房间里把东西弄得四散(litter things about a room),或使地方不整洁(make untidy up),例如:litter a room(或table)up.我们常听人说:
Your room is all littered(up)with books.(你房间里零乱地堆满了书籍。)
真正说到“废物”,英文应作waste,如“废物篓”(waste paper basket),“废物利用”(utilization of waste material)等等。美国人则把废物说成trash,此字也有“残屑”或“垃圾”的意思,如美国人说的trash can,即英国人说的dustbin,都是指的“垃圾箱”。美国人把他们南部的穷苦白人称为the(poor)white trash,可知此字又可作“无价值的人或物”解,如That book is mere trash.(那本书毫无价值。)英国人则说That book is all rubbish.(那本书亳无价值。)作“废物”解的rubbish,是用得很多的,又可用作惊叹词Rubbish!(胡说。)
厨房每天的残屑,就叫kitchen refuse,或简称refuse.此字当然也有“废物”,“无用之长物”的意思,即指一般固形的废物,不能由沟渠排泄的“垃圾”。抛置垃圾的地方叫a dumping ground或a dumping-place for rubbish或arubbish dump或dumpd yard.“禁倒垃圾”则说No dumpiug.因为dump的意义为“倾弃”,“倒下”,例如:
Where can I dump this rubbish?(垃圾可以倒在什么地方?)
You must not dump there.(你切勿倒在那里。)
上面说过无用的东西是废物,无用的人也是废物,凡是社会上的寄生虫,人间的渣滓,就叫作human waste(=debris);dregs of population;off-scourings of humanlty;dross of mankind;the scum of society;a good-for-nothing等等。美国人说的hobo(流氓,无业游民),当然也是指的这种寄生虫,至于说过了气的人,便是:
He is now a“has-been”.(他现已成废物。即是说他已经outlived his usefulness.
原为“破烂物”之意的junk,俚语中也可以作“垃圾”或“废物”解,如:
His writing is all junk.(他的作品一文不值。)
He junked all his Old furniture before moving into his new home.(他在搬入新屋之前,把旧的家俱当作废物全丢掉了。)
3.commitment的译法
美国约翰生总统在美国教育周的文告中说In the last decade,however,we have sought to fulfill the goal with greater zeal,greater commitment,and greater Success than at any period in our history.句中的commitment一字,不知应如何译法,因字典上的解释似乎都不适用呢。
【解答】commitment是动词commit变来的名词,意义有:
(1)犯,行,作,如commit a crime(犯罪),commit a blunder(犯错),commit adultery(犯奸),commit murder(杀人),commit suicide(自杀)等。
(2)委托,付诸,如commit a thing to a friend for safekeeping(托友保管),commit some funds to the care of trustees(委托资金于保管委员),commit a body to the earth(flames)(埋葬)(火葬),commit a bill(议会将议案交付委员审查),commit thoughts to writing(将思想写出来),commit something to memory(暗记),commit a man to prison(下狱),Liu Pei committed his son to the care of Chu Ko-liang(刘备托孤于诸葛亮),The man was committed to a lunatic asylum.(那人已被送入疯人院)等。
(3)承担,如If yon agreed to give a number of lectures,help to pay your brother's school expenses,and give your wife$500 a year for cothes,you have quite a lot of commitments.(如果你同意去作一连串的讲演,答应给弟弟的学费,又说定给太太每年五百元添置新衣,那末,你就有了不少的负担。)