allow,authorize,let,permit
动词。这几个词的共同含义是允许。allow较通俗,往往仅指不加禁止。如:The nurse allowed the visitors to remain beyond the hospital visiting hours.(探视病人的时间过了,护士允许探视者再留一会儿。)authorize更有力量,指批准。如:The government authorized the construction of a new clover-leaf.(政府批准兴建新的立体交叉公路。)let更为通俗,有时指允许或同意,有时指无法阻止。如:She asked her teacher to let her leave an hour earlier.(她请求老师允许她早走一小时。)They forgot to shut the window and thereby let the rain.(他们忘了关窗户,因此让雨水进来了。)permit的力量强于allow和let而弱于authorize,指本来有权禁止而不加禁止。如:The chairman recognized the delegate and permitted him to speak.(主席认出了这位代表,准许他发言。)
alone,forlorn,lone,lonely,lonesome,solitary
形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“孤独的”。alone只含“单独”的意思,仅用作表语。如:He lives on bread when he is alone.(他一个人时,靠吃面包过活。)forlorn指由于被人遗弃而产生凄凉或寂寞之感。如:The deserted old woman had a forlorn look on her face.(这位被遗弃的老太太脸上有凄凉的表情。)lone意为“孤独的、寂寞的”,但这是比较陈旧的词,而且仅作定语,如a lone traveller(孤独的旅客),lone feeling(寂寞的感受)。lonely的含义大致与lone相同,现在比较广泛使用,既可作定语,也可作表语。如:She felt lonely in the country.(他在乡间感觉寂寞。)He lives a lonely life in busy streets.(他在闹市过着孤单的生活。)lonesome指一个地方不仅人迹稀少而且凄凉,或指一个人寂寞难忍。如:He is lonesome in remote mountains.(他在深山里,觉得冷冷清清。)solitary的含义与lonely相同,但可以指主管上喜欢独处。This solitary man preferred travelling alone to being with a group.(这位喜欢独居的男人宁愿单独旅行,而不愿参加一个集体。)
already,yet
副词。这两个词的共同含义是“已经”。already一般用于肯定句,如用于疑问句则带着惊异的口气。如:He had already left when I came back home.(我回家时他已离去。)Are you back already?(你怎么已经回来了?)yet用于疑问句。如:Is breakfast ready yet?(早饭准备好了吗?)
also,either,likewise,too
副词。这几个词的共同含义是“也”,但用法有异。also用于肯定句。如:He teaches English,I also teach that language.(他教英语,我也教英语。)either用于否定句。如:Your father doesn't like such music,I do not either.(你父亲不喜欢这种音乐,我也不喜欢。)likewise是书面语。如:They went on foot and I did likewise.(他们步行去,我也步行去了。)too也用于肯定句,是日常用语,只能放在句中及句末。如:She,too,has been to London.(她也去过伦敦。)You like reading at night,I do so too.(你喜欢在夜间阅读,我也是。)
alter,change,convert,modify,transfigure,transform,transmute
动词。这些词的共同含义是改变。alter指较小地改变,如alter a suit(改衣服),alter a work schedule(改作息时间表)等。change含义范围最广,而且最为通俗,可指发生不同的变化、表面的变化或本质的变化、数量的变化或质量的变化。如:Man changes the world.(人类改变世界。)Water can be gradually changed into steam by heat.(水加热就会逐渐变成蒸汽。)convert主要指改变信仰或某物的形式、状态、用途等。如:It's inconceivable to convert a Christian to Budhism.(使基督教徒改信佛教是不可想象的。)Coal can be converted to gas by burning.(煤炭燃烧会变成煤气。)modify特指修改。如:He did not change his position,he just modified it.(他并没有改变自己的主张,仅仅修改了它。)transfigure指改变某人或某物的外表使之更美观。如:It is believed that sincerity can transfigure one's plain features.(有人认为,诚挚可以美化一个人平凡的相貌。)transform指完全改变外形、外观、本性等。如:The magician transformed the frog into a rabbit.(魔术师把青蛙变成了兔子。)transmute指把某物的形状、本质等变作较高级的形态。如:Coal was transmuted to diamonds by aeons of intense pressure.(长期的高压使煤变成了钻石。)
always,frequently,often,regularly,repeatedly
副词。这几个词的共同含义是“经常”。always修饰的动词表示连续的行动或状态。如:He is nearly always at home in the evening.(他晚上几乎总在家。)这个词跟动词的现在分词一起用时往往有不好的含义。如:Why are you always finding fault with me?(你为什么老找我的岔子?)frequently是比较正式的词语,且语意较强。如:The machine frequently breaks down.(这机器经常发生故障。)often表示重复但不一定均匀的断断续续,因为它所修饰的动词都是表示短暂的行动。如:The dog often barks.(这只狗经常叫。)regularly用来修饰经常而有规律性的行动。如:He gets up regularly at six in the morning.(他早晨6点定时起床。)repeatedly意为“屡次”,强调次数多,但反复的频率不一定均匀。如:I repeatedly reminded him of writing to me.(我屡次提醒他给我写信。)
amity,friendship
名词。这两个词的共同含义是“友好”。amity指国与国之间的友好相处,常用于in amity with短语中。如:That nation has been in amity with its neighbours all along.(那个国家一直同邻国和睦相处。)friendship指朋友之间的友谊。如:Ours is a friendship which the passage of time cannot diminish.(我们的友谊不会因时间的推移而削弱。)这个词的用途现已扩大到其他方面,如friendship association(友好协会),cities of friendship(友好城市)等。
amount,number,quantity
名词。这几个词的共同含义是数量。amount与不可数名词连用,如a limited amount of time(有限的时间)。number与可数名词连用,如a small number of visitors(少数的访客)。quantity用来表示“大量”时,后接不可数名词,如a large quantity of cement(大量的水泥)。
amplify,augment,enlarge,expand,increase,magnify
动词。这几个词的共同含义是扩大。amplify指补充内容而使之详尽,现在常指放大音量或电波。如:The author amplifies his report with background information.(作者用背景材料对他的报告作进一步发挥。)Please amplify sound with the use of microphones in order that we may hear very well.(请用麦克风把声音放大,以便我们能听清楚。)augment指增大或增值、改善。如:They augment their wages by working in their free time.(他们在空闲时间干活以增加薪水。)enlarge意为使某物扩大或加宽。如:The dictionary has been enlarged to 8000entries.(这本词典的篇幅已扩展到八千个词条。)expand指扩大长度、规模、范围或体积。如:The new policy is designed to expand the country's economy.(这项新政策意在发展这个国家的经济。)The county has expanded the area for growing double crop rice.(这个县已经扩大了双季稻种植面积。)increase除指扩大体积外,还可以指增加数量或强度。如:The country is increasing its stock of grain for a possible poor harvest.(这个国家正在为防备可能的歉收而增加粮食的储备。)The new device increases the safety of driving.(新装置能提高驾驶的安全性。)magnify可以指事实上扩大,也可以指外表上扩大,有时又含有夸大的意思。如:A microscope magnifies objects by making them appear larger than they are.(显微镜放大物象,使之显得比其实际体积大。)They magnified a relatively trivial loss.(他们把比较轻微的损失夸大了。)
anger,fury,indignation,rage,temper,wrath
名词。这几个词的共同含义是愤怒。anger指个人的愤怒。如:He spoke in anger.(他气冲冲地说话。)fury指暴怒、狂怒。如:In a fury,he tore the letter into pieces.(他在暴怒之下把信撕得粉碎。)indignation指出于崇高的感情而发的义愤。如:The people voiced their indignation against the foreign interventionists.(人民对外国干涉者表示义愤。)rage的含义同fury,但持续时间较短。temper指容易发怒的脾气。如:He flew into a temper when he found the stamps disappearing off the letters.(他发现信封上的邮票不见了,大发脾气。)wrath也指狂怒,是书面词。如:In his wrath the old codger swore like a madman.(这老头子在狂怒之下,骂骂咧咧像个疯子。)
animal,beast,brute,cattle,creature
名词。这几个词的共同含义是生物。animal指动物。beast是文雅的词,指野兽,尤指大型四足野兽,也用来比喻讨厌的人。brute常含贬义,也指野兽,常用来比喻残酷无情的人。cattle指大牲口,特别是牛。creature指一切生物,尤其是动物,原意是“上帝所造之物”,用于人则强调其渺小或可怜的一面,有时有“可怜虫”的意味。