anger,enrage,incense,infuriate
动词。这几个词的共同含义是激怒。anger可指剧烈地激怒,也可指轻微地激怒。如:He is apt to be angered by trifles.(他容易为小事生气。)enrage指“使暴怒”。如:That man enraged him by calling him names.(那个人的谩骂使他怒不可遏。)incense的含义同enrage,但常用于被动语态。如:He was incensed by what his son had done.(他儿子的所作所为使他大为恼火。)infuriate指“使愤怒到发狂的程度”。如:His son's retort infuriated him.(他儿子的顶嘴使他火冒三丈。)
angler,fisher,fisherman
名词。这几个词的共同含义是钓鱼者。angler指用钓竿捉鱼的人。fisher与fisherman的含义相同,均指以捕鱼为业的渔民和以钓鱼作为消遣方式的人,前者是古雅的词,后者是现代英语中常用的词。
animosity,enmity,hatred,hostility
名词。这几个词的共同含义是憎恶。animosity指深仇大恨。如:Increasing animosity between the nations inevitably led to the outbreak of war.(国家间越来越深的仇恨必然导致战争的爆发。)enmity指强烈的根深蒂固的敌意可能是隐蔽的,也可能是公开的。如:They were at enmity without even knowing why.(他们不知何故不和。)hatred指强烈的反感,可能是长时间形成的,也可能是出于本性。如:I am full of hatred for hypocrites.(我非常讨厌伪君子。)A cat has a hatred for water.(猫厌恶水。)hostility指公开主动的敌对状态。如:The hostility between the two nations came to an end.(两国之间的敌对状态结束了。)
annotation,commentary,definition,deion,explanation,exposition,interpretation
名词。这几个词的共同含义是说明某一事物的意义。annotation指书页上的单条注解。commentary指对某一著作的连续系统的注解或对某人、某事的评论,如news commentary(新闻述评),a commentary on a football match(对一场足球赛的评论)等。definition指一个词或一个短语的定义或对某事的本质或特征的说明。如:He gave this word a new definition.(他给这个词下了一个新的定义。)deion指对某事的描述。如:He gave a detailed deion of the battle.(他详细描述了这次会战。)explanation指对思想、言语、行动或活动的解释,应用范围最广。exposition指对某一论点、建议、理论等所提出的长篇的、详尽的而且往往带有学术性的说明或阐释。如:The physicist published an exposition of his theories.(这位物理学家发表了一篇阐述他的理论的说明。)interpretation指对难解的文字、疑难的问题、难以解释的行动、梦境等的解释。如:This is an interpretation of an obscure passage in Dante.(这是对但丁著作中一段含糊的文字所作的解释。)
answer,reply,retort
名词。这几个词的共同含义是回答。answer指对问题、请求、祝贺等的回答。reply指对他人的意见、建议等的答复,不一定是针对问题的。retort指口头上的反驳或反唇相讥。如:In such an atmosphere,I preferred to make no retort.(在那种气氛下,我想还是不反驳为好。)
anticipate,expect,foresee
动词。这几个词的共同含义是预料。anticipate多指预料好事的发生。如:I anticipate deriving much instruction from the lecture.(我预料将从这次演讲里获得很多教益。)expect指对未来的好事或坏事有所预料。如:She was expecting the train to arrive on time.(她预料列车会准时到达。)He expected to fail in the examination.(他预料无法通过考试。)foresee指根据推理判断将要发生什么事。如:He foresaw from every sign that the Democrats would win this election.(根据种种迹象,他预见到民主党将在这次选举中获胜。)
anxiety,care,worry
名词。这几个词的共同含义是忧虑。anxiety指对预料中的不祥之事的焦虑。如:The mother was in great anxiety about her sick boy.(母亲为生病的儿子深感忧虑。)care指出于责任感或顾虑而产生的不安。如:Now that her children are independent,she has no burden,no care.(既然她子女都自立了,她既无负担,又无牵挂。)worry指对未知事态演变的忧虑。如:The old widow is free from worry as the village takes care of her.(由于村里照顾她,这位年老的寡妇不用再着急了。)
ape,counterfeit,imitate,mimic,mock
动词。这几个词的共同含义是模仿。ape指模仿别人的举动、言语等。counterfeit指仿造,如counterfeit money(伪造钞票)。imitate指模仿别人的言行、外表。mimic和mock都是为了逗乐而模仿别人的举动、言语等。如:The actor amused the audience by mimicking the way a famous person spoke and walked.(这名演员模仿一位名人说话和走路的样子,把观众逗笑了。)
apparatus,appliance,contrivance,device,engine,machine,mechanism
名词。这几个词的共同含义是机械。apparatus主要指为了特定的目的而由若干部件组成但并非用于大规模生产的较复杂的装置,如化学实验室的仪器等。appliance指家用器械和弥补人体缺陷的器械,如洗衣机、助听器等。contrivance指有独创性的机器或仪器。device指有专门用途的精巧器械,如a device for sharpening pencils(削铅笔机)。engine指发动机。machine指人工机器或电动机器,体积可大可小,如a sewing machine(缝纫机),a washing machine(洗衣机)等。mechanism指组成机器的零件,即机件。
appeal,beg,beseech,entreat,plead,pray
动词。这几个词的共同含义是请求。appeal往往指以道义原则为基础或以法律为根据的请求。如:He appealed to the onlookers'sense of fair play.(他呼吁旁观者主持公道。)beg指乞求食物、钱或其他必需品,也有恳求非物质的事物的意思。如:I won't beg money of a rich man.(我不愿向有钱人讨钱。)He begged the pirates to spare the lives of his children.(他乞求海盗们饶恕他的子女们的性命。)beseech,entreat和plead都指恳求,前二词都是在正式场合用的文雅的词,后者是苏格兰语和美式英语。如:He pleaded with the court for leniency.(他恳求法院从宽处理。)pray指祈祷或祈求。如:They pray God's forgiveness.(他们祈求神的宽恕。)The farmers in the old days had to pray to heaven for rain.(旧时代的农民不得不向老天爷求雨。)
appearance,aspect,look
名词。这几个词的共同含义是外表。appearance指外表,不一定反映事物的实质。如:Don't judge by appearances(不要以貌取人。)He bears the appearance of honesty.(他显得老实的样子。)aspect是文学用语,指模样。如:We were afraid of the angry aspect of the man.(我们害怕那人生气的样子。)look特指表情、眼色。如:He hasn't the look of a learned man.(看上去他不像个学者。)
apprehend,arrest,capture,catch,nab
动词。这几个词的共同含义是抓住。apprehend与arrest的含义相同,均指逮捕,但前者更为文雅,仅用正式文件中。如:The policeman caught a man fleeing the scene of the crime and arrested him as a suspect.(警察在一个人逃离犯罪现场时抓住了他,随后作为嫌疑犯逮捕了他。)capture指捕获、俘获或俘虏。如:He was captured trying to escape from the country.(他在逃离那个国家时被捕了。)The enemy division commander and ten fieldpieces were captured.(敌军师长被俘,10门野战炮被缴获。)catch用途较广,泛指抓住。如:The goalkeeper failed to catch the ball.(守门员没有抓住球。)My cat catches a rat every day.(我的猫每天抓一只老鼠。)nab指猛然抓住,是口语用词。如:The police nabbed these ruffians as they were running away.(这些歹徒正在逃跑时,被警察抓住了。)
approve,confirm,endorse,OK,ratify
动词。这几个词的共同含义是给某人或某事以同意或支持。approve在这类词中含义范围最广,既可指消极地默许,也可指热情地赞助,既可指官方批准,也指私人同意。如:The department head approved my travel expenses.(处长批准了我的旅费。)He approved his daughter's marriage.(他同意了女儿的婚事。)confirm指批准。如:The bureau of chemical industry confirmed the contract between the two companies.(化工局确认了两家公司之间的合同。)endorse的原意是在文件背后签名以表示同意,发展成为“批准”、“赞同”的意思,常用于被动语态。如:His application has been endorsed by the committee.(他的申请已被委员会批准。)OK意为“批准或同意”,是口语用词。如:The editor OK'd the manu.(编辑同意发表这份稿件。)ratify专指正式批准条约、协定等。如:The freaty has been ratified.(这条约已被批准。)