apt,liable,likely,subject
形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“易于……的”。apt指“倾向于……的”,不论倾向的好坏。如:He is apt at getting on well with his colleagues.(他容易跟同事们和睦相处。)Cast iron is apt to break.(铸铁易断裂。)liable指“易于得病的”。如:In winter I am liable to catch cold.(冬天我爱感冒。)likely指“很可能的”。如:This plan is likely to succeed.(这项计划很可能成功。)subject指根据长期的经验,“易受……的”。如:She is subject to asthma.(她经常患哮喘病。)This region is subject to typhoons.(这一带易遭台风袭击。)
ardent,eager,enthusiastic,zealous
形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“热烈的”。ardent指“热心的”。如:He is an ardent supporter of charities.(他是慈善事业的热心支持者。)eager指“热切希望的”。如:I am eager to learn how to drive a car.(我渴望学会开汽车。)enthusiastic的含义同ardent,但更强烈。zealous指“热衷于……的”,可用于积极与消极两方面。如:My younger brother is zealous in scientific research.(我的弟弟热衷于科学研究。)Certain performers are zealous for fame.(某些演员一个劲儿地求名。)
argue,debate,discuss,dispute
动词。这几个词的共同含义是就某一问题交换意见,其区别在于:argue和debate均指辩论。argue指彼此列举证据和理由对案件、问题等说明自己的见解。如:The lawyers for the plaintiff and the defendant argued the case for hours.(原告和被告双方的律师就这一案件辩论了好几个钟头。)debate指辩论问题,意图说服他人,不计场合,不一定有事先准备好的论据。如:I debated with Henry about the question until the bar closed.(我跟亨利辩论这个问题直到酒吧关门为止。)discuss指讨论。如:The deputies of the belligerents discussed the terms of a peace treaty.(交战国代表讨论了和约的条款。)dispute指争论,尤指怒气冲冲地争论。
armament,arms,weapon
名词。这几个词的共同含义是武器。armament常用复数,指武器及其他装备。arms是武器的总称,尤指枪支。weapon指具体的武器。
army,force,troops
名词。这几个词的共同含义是军队。army多指陆军,也指全部武装部队。force的复数形式指全部武装部队,其单数形式指某个军种,如the land force(陆军),the sea force(海军),the air force(空军),the police force(警察部队)等;也可指军队以外的力量,如the labour force(劳动大军)等。troops也指全部武装部队,其单数形式指某个兵种,尤指骑兵队和装甲兵队。
aroma,fragrance,odo(u)r,perfume,scent,smell,stench,stink
名词。这几个词的共同含义是气味。aroma指刺激食欲的香味,如the aroma of hot coffee(热咖啡的香味)。fragrance多指花草的芳香,如the fragrance of plum blossoms(梅花的芳香)。odo(u)r是科学名词,多指臭气,如body odour(体臭)。perfume是文雅的词,其含义除同fragrance外,还指香料、香水。scent指弥漫在空气中的沁人心脾的香味,如the scent of roses lingering in the air(留在空气中久久不散的玫瑰香味)。smell含义广泛,可指各种气味。如:What is that smell?(那是什么气味?)stench和stink均指恶臭,前者是比后者更文雅的词。
arrive,come,gain,reach
动词。这几个词都有“到达”之意。arrive强调到达目的地。如:We arrived home safe.(我们平安回家了。)come的含义和用途较广,如到达、到来等,且最为通俗。如:The bus was coming to a stop when the old woman found she had taken the wrong bus.(公共汽车将要到站时,老太太发现上错了车。)A fierce-looking man was coming towards me.(一个面貌凶恶的人正在向我走来。)gain意味着经过努力或克服困难之后才能到达。如:The mountaineers gained the summit only after much hardship on the way.(登山运动员们只是在经过途中的千辛万苦之后才到达山顶的。)reach指不一定到达终点,可指到达途中的某一点。如:They reached Milan by nightfall and Venice the next day.(他们在黄昏前到达米兰,次日到达威尼斯。)
arrogance,pride
名词。这两个词的含义都是骄傲。不同的是:arrogance指傲慢,是贬义词。如:I can't bear his arrogance.(他那么傲慢,使我受不了。)pride既可指傲慢,作贬义词用;也可指自豪,作褒义词用。如:Pride goes before a fall.([谚]骄者必败。)We have a pride in our country's successes.(我们因自己国家的成就而自豪。)
artist,artiste,painter
名词。这几个词的共同含义是艺术家。artist指美术家,尤指画家。artiste原为法语,主要指音乐、戏剧、舞蹈界艺人。painter指给图画上色的画家,如油画家、水彩画家、水粉画家等。
as,because,for,since
作连词用时,这几个词都有“因为”的意思,不同之处在于:as表示以现成或已知的事实为理由。如:As he is ill,I substitute for him today.(因他生病,我今天代替他。)because引导的从句表示根本的原因而不是推断。如:Because he is ill,he is absent from the meeting today.(他因为病了,所以缺席今天的会议。)for表示因果关系的程度较轻,有的甚至含推测或臆断的成分,很少用于句首,且多见于书面语。如:We believe that he will succeed,for he has both talent and will.(我们相信他会成功,因为他既有才干,又有毅力。)since表示间接或附带的原因,有“既然…就”的含义。如:Since he can't answer the question,you had better ask someone else.(既然他不能回答这个问题,你最好问问别人。)
ask,examine,grill,inquire,interrogate,query,question,quiz
动词。这几个词的主要含义之一是“问”。ask的用途最广。如:A stranger asked me the way to the zoo.(一个外地人问我去动物园怎么走。)I asked him his name.(我问他叫什么名字。)May I ask a question?(我可以问一个问题吗?)examine指考问。如:The professors examined the candidate.(教授们考问了应试者。)grill指严厉盘问。如:Having been grilled again and again,he told the truth.(经再三盘问,他才说出实情。)inquire的含义同ask,比ask正式。interrogate指正式地、有系统地讯问,被问对象往往是犯人或证人。如:The judge interrogated the prisoner and the witness separately.(法官分别讯问了囚犯和证人。)query指询问或提出疑问。如:Some people might query this conclusion.(有些人可能就这项结论提出疑问。)question指带着怀疑连续问寻根究底的许多问题。quiz也指考问,但考问的场合较为随便。
ask,request,solicit
动词。这几个词的共同含义是请求。ask是一般的用语。如:I ask nothing of you.(我对你无所求。)She asked the teacher to repeat that word.(她请求老师把那个词重复一下。)request指较为有礼貌地请求。如:May I request your attention?(请你们注意一下好吗?)Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.(观众请勿抚摸展品。)solicit主要指恳求、乞求。如:May I solicit your advice on a matter of importance.(兹有要事,烦请赐教。)Beggars are not allowed to solicit in public places.(乞丐不得在公共场所乞讨。)
assail,assault,attack,charge
动词。这几个词的含义之一是攻击。assail指以武力或语言文字猛烈攻击。如:The army assailed the town.(军队猛攻那个城镇。)He assailed me with false accusations.(他罗织罪名攻击我。)assault指以武力突击、猛袭。如:Two scoundrels assaulted him and seized his money.(两个歹徒袭击他,抢走了他的钱。)attack与assail相同,但更通用。charge指猛冲。如:Suddenly the wild animal charged at us.(这只野兽突然向我们冲了过来。)
assassinate,kill,massacre,murder,slaughter,slay
动词。这几个词的共同含义是“杀”。assassinate(暗杀),kill(杀死),massacre(残杀),murder(谋杀),slaughter(屠杀、屠宰),slay(文学用语,残杀)。
assemblage,assembly,conference,congress,convention,council,gathering,meeting
名词。这几个词的含义之一是集会。assemblage和assembly都指有目的的会议,前者是较为古雅的词。conference较为郑重,常指协商性的会议。congress和convention多指政府或政党的大会或代表大会。council往往指为了特定的目的召开的咨询性会议。gathering与meeting大致相同,可指各种集会或会晤,规模可以小到两个人,大到成千上万的人,既可以是预定的,也可以是临时开起来的,时间上可短可长,形式上可以十分隆重,也可以毫无拘束。但gathering指集会的人数较多。
assiduous,diligent,hardworking,industrious
形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“勤勉的”。assiduous着重指“专心的”。diligent着重指“刻苦用功的”。hardworking和industrious均着重指“努力工作或学习的”,前者较通俗,后者是文雅的词。
assignation,date,redezvous,tryst
名词。这几个词的共同含义是约会。assignation指不正当两性关系中的幽会。date在这几个词中最为通俗,指未婚异性间的约会。rendezvous指预先安排的会见,不一定是秘密的。tryst指情人间的幽会。