书城工具英语同义词的奥秘
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第14章

cave,cavity,excavation,hole,hollow,pit

名词。这几个词的共同含义是物体中间凹陷的部分。cave指地面下的天然洞穴。cavity主要指动物体内的腔、窝,如abdominal cavity(腹腔),body cavity(体腔),chest cavity(胸腔),oral cavity(口腔)等。excavation指人工挖出来的洞或坑。hole的含义较广,可以指穿透的或不穿透的孔、洞。hollow的含义大致同hole,但多指地面下的洞或地面上的坑,如a hollow in the ground(地洞),dig a hollow(挖坑)等。pit指天然的或人造的洞穴,也指躯体的凹窝,如arm pit(腋窝),the pit of the stomach(心窝)等。

cease,desist,halt,quit,stop

动词。这几个词的共同含义是停止。cease指完全停止或突然停止,常指断然中止一个持续较久的较规律化的行为。如:The two belligerent parties signed a cease-fire agreement.(交战双方签订了停火协议。)desist是比较文雅的词,指停止某种行动,其后通常接介词from。如:He desisted from smoking.(他不再吸烟。)halt指突然主动停止。如:He halted at the sight of the broken wire.(他一看见折断了的电线,立即止步。)quit也指主动停止,但通常是出于自愿或经过协议的。如:They worked until 5:00p.m and then quit.(他工作到下午5点停止。)stop是最通俗而常用的词。

celebrated,famous,illustrious,noted,notorious,renowned,well-known

形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“知名的”。celebrated指“受到公众注意和交口称赞而美名远扬的”,如:The scientist is celebrated at home and abroad.(这位科学家驰名中外。)famous指“长时间广泛地受欢迎的”,如a famous actor(著名演员),a famous resort(著名的胜地)等。illustrious用于人,指声名显赫,带有明显的颂扬意味,如an illustrious strategist(大名鼎鼎的战略家),the illustrious heroes of our era(当代杰出的英雄人物)等。noted多用于好的人或事物,也可用于坏的人或事物,如a noted personage(知名人士),a noted scandal(众所周知的丑闻)等。notorious是贬义词,只用于坏的人或事物,指臭名昭著,如a notorious tyrant(臭名昭著的暴君),a notorious murder(声名狼藉的谋杀案)等。renowned用于人或事物,其含义大致同famous,指“有名望的”,如a renowned landscape painter(有名望的山水画家),a city renowned for its tourist industry(以旅游业闻名的城市)等。well-known指“众所周知的”,既可用于好的人或事物,也可用于坏的人或事物。

centre,core,heart,hub,middle,midst

名词。这几个词的共同含义是中心。centre指圆心或中心,也指人口汇集地区或活动、兴趣等之中心,如metropolitan centre(市中心区),a shopping centre(购物中心)等。core指果实的核,也指任何事物的核心,如an apple core(苹果核),the core of the matter(问题的核心),force at the core(核心力量)。heart指心脏,也指内心、心地。如:She has a kind heart.(她心地善良。)hub指轮轴,也指活动中心或枢纽,如a hub of commerce(商业中心),a hub of communications(交通枢纽)等。middle指中央或当中,既可用于空间,也可用于时间,如the middle of the street(街道中央),the middle of the forest(森林中央),in the middle of the day(在中午)等。midst是文学用语或旧用法,其含义同middle,目前多出现于惯用语中,如from the midst of (自…之中),in the midst of(在…之中),into the midst of(入…之中)等。

certain,definite,positive,sure

形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“毫无疑问”。certain强调事物的不容争论,而且只作表语。如:One thing is certain,he will not resign of his own accord.(有一点可以肯定,他不会自动辞职。)这一句里强调的是,尽管其他方面可以有争论,但这一点是无可争论的。definite意为“明确的”,指毫无怀疑余地。如:We demand a definite answer.(我们要求明确的答案。)The people's choice of a leader is now definite.(人民对领导人的选择现在已经是确定无疑的了。)positive的语气更强,指不容丝毫置疑。如:That is a positive fact.(那是不容怀疑的事实。)Are you positive that you saw him?(你肯定见过他吗?)sure可与certain互相代替,但不一定针对某种争论,而且多用于口语。如:She was sure she could make the five o'clock ferry.(她确信可以赶得上5点钟的轮渡。)这句话里,sure仅仅指“有把握”,并不包含争论的意思。又如:I'm sure he'll be here on time.(我肯定他能准时到达这里。)这是口语。

chase,follow,pursue,shadow,tag,tail,trail

动词。这几个词的共同含义是顺着前人走过的路线前进。chase指追捕。如:The cat chased the mouse but could not catch it.(这只猫追捕老鼠,但抓不住它。)The police have been chasing the escaped criminal but they have no idea where he is.(警方一直在追捕逃犯,但不知道他在哪里。)follow指跟随,不含褒贬的意味。跟随者的动机可能是善意的,也可能是恶意的。如:The boy followed his father out.(这男孩跟着他父亲出去了。)The secret agent followed the young man to his lodgings.(这个特务跟踪那个年轻人去他的住处。)pursue除指追捕之外,还有善意或恶意地追赶之意。如:She pursued the absent-minded man to give him back the umbrella he had left behind.(她追赶那个粗心人,要把他丢下的雨伞还给他。)A dog was pursuing a hare.(一只狗在追赶一只野兔。)shadow指盯梢。如:He felt he was being shadowed,but he didn't see anyone behind him.(他觉得被人盯梢,但他没看见有什么人在他后面。)tag指跟随,可以是秘密地,也可以是得到被跟随者同意的。如:We tagged the stranger to find out where he lived.(我们尾随那个陌生人去看他住在哪里。)She tagged her mother wherever she went.(她母亲无论到哪里去,她都跟着。)tail是口语,指跟踪,目的在于监视对方的行动,如tail a suspect(跟踪嫌疑犯)。trail也指跟踪,可能是为了监视对方的行动,也可能是一般地尾随。如:They trailed a gang of swindlers to their hideout.(他们跟踪诈骗团伙到其躲藏处。)The dog trailed the old man.(这只狗跟在这位老人后面。)

cheat,con,deceive,defraud,fleece,swindle

动词。这几个词的共同含义是欺骗。cheat比较通俗,指用诡计进行欺骗以谋取不正当利益。如:The man cheated the old woman into buying an imitation pearl.(这个人欺骗老太太,卖给她一颗假珍珠。)con是俚语,专指利用别人的轻信而骗钱。如:They've conned me out of all my money.(他们把我的钱全骗走了。)deceive指隐瞒真相,使人上当。如:The swindler deceived the old man of his money by making him sign a paper he didn't understand.(那个骗子要老头儿签了一份他看不懂的文件,骗了他的钱。)defraud指利用简单的计策或一两句谎话来进行诈骗。如:The door-to-door salesmen defrauded housewives by giving out orders for articles they never intended to deliver.(挨门串户的推销员们哄骗家庭妇女们订购他们根本不想交付的货品。)fleece是十分通俗的词,指用耍花招或漫天要价的方法骗钱。如:They really fleeced us at that hotel.(那家旅馆真是敲了我们一笔。)swindle指以复杂的计谋特别是利用被骗人的贪心进行诈骗。如:The man swindled the investors with get-rich-quick propositions.(这个人以快速发财的计划来诱骗投资者。)

childbirth,labo(u)r,parturition

名词。这几个词都指分娩。childbirth是最通用的词。labo(u)r强调分娩时的阵痛。parturition是医学名词。

china,chinaware,crockery,earthenware,porcelain,,pottery

名词。这几个词的共同含义是用黏土烧制的材料及其制品。china指瓷或瓷器。chinaware是瓷器的总称。crockery指较粗糙的家用陶器。earthenware是陶器的总称。porcelain的含义同chinaware,不同之处在于后者需要在窑内烧两次;此外,瓷器工业只能称porcelain industry。pottery指陶土及其制品。

choose,cull,elect,pick,select

动词。这几个词的共同含义是“挑”。choose指挑选,含有偏爱成分。如:He choose the teacher he liked best to coach him for the examination.(他挑最喜欢的老师来辅导他应考。)cull可指挑选,也可指剔除,如cull the prettiest flowers(挑出最美丽的花朵),cull the weaker one from a flock of sheep(把羊群中一只弱羊剔出去)等。elect多指选举。如:We elected a group leader from among ourselves.(我们互相推举出一位组长。)pick指精选。如:I don't know which of the 4dresses to pick-I like them all.(这4件衣服我不知道挑哪件好——我全都喜欢。)select指在3个以上的事物中进行选择,而且强调进行比较。如:The student spent a great deal of time selecting a subject for his graduation thesis.(这位大学生花了大量时间为他的毕业论文选题。)

cemetery,churchyard,graveyard

名词。这几个词的共同含义是墓地。cemetery指公墓。churchyard指教堂的墓地。graveyard指以上两种墓地之外的墓地。