书城工具英语同义词的奥秘
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第15章

circulate,propagate,spread

动词。这几个词的共同含义是传播。circulate指在一定范围内传播。如:The news of the enemy's defeat quickly circulated round the town.(敌人战败的消息很快传遍整个镇上。)propagate指向群众宣传。如:The political party ran the newspaper to propagate its ideas.(那个政党办报纸来宣传它的思想。)spread强调口头传播。如:If I tell you this secret,don't spread it around.(如果我告诉你这个秘密,可不要把它传开。)

city,megalopolis,metropolis,town

名词。这几个词的共同含义是城市。city可指大城市,也可指中等城市。megalopolis指特大城市,在美国特指以纽约为中心,北起波士顿、南至华盛顿的地区。metropolis专指大城市或首府。town指小城市或城镇,也指城市的闹市区,如go down town(到市中心去)。

clamour,din,noise

名词。这几个词的共同含义是喧闹声。clamour指连续不断的喧闹声,不分令人好恶与否,如a clamour of happy laughters(笑语喧哗),a clamour of complaints(吵闹的怨声)。din是贬义词,指令人不快的喧闹声,如a din of voices(人声嘈杂)。noise既指喧闹声,又指杂音。

clarify,elucidate,explain,explicate,interpret

动词。这几个词的共同含义是“解释”。clarify指“使人更加清楚地了解”,如clarify one's stand(阐明自己的立场),clarify matters(澄清真相)等。elucidate的含义与clarify相同,但比较正式、文雅。如:The secretary of state elucidated the president's foreign policy statement.(国务卿阐释了总统的外交政策声明。)explain是通俗的词,其含义较elucidate广泛,如explain the new law(解释新法律),explain how to use the telephone(说明怎样使用电话),explain law of the development of history(阐释历史发展的规律)等。explicate指对复杂的事物特别是文学作品进行详细解释。如:The scholar explicated the ancient poem in an original way.(这位学者对这首古诗进行了独到的解释。)interpret也是通俗的词,除指对一般事物作力所能及的解释外,尤指对艺术作品进行诠释。如:The professor interprets Shakespeare's plays as no one has ever done before.(这位教授诠释莎士比亚剧本的方法是前人从未做过的。)

clasp,clutch,grab,grasp,grip,seize

动词。这几个词的共同含义是抓住或握住。clasp和clutch的含义和用法相同,前者是美式英语,指紧握或紧抱。如:She clasped(or clutched)her purse,fearing that a thief might snatch it.(她紧紧抓住她的钱包,怕被贼抢走。)The little girl clasped(or clutched)her pet dog protectively.(小姑娘紧紧抱住她的宠物狗,护着它。)grab指急抓。如:The drowning man grabbed desperately for the lifesaver.(溺水者拼命抓住救生员。)grasp也指抓紧,其对象可以是具体事物,也可以是抽象事物,如grasp the chances(抓紧机会)。grip跟grasp同义,但语气更强。seize的含义同grasp,也有掌握之意,如seize the day(只争朝夕),seize the essence of the matter(掌握问题的实质)等。

climate,weather

名词。这两个词的共同含义是气象情况。climate指气候,即一定地区经过多年观察所得到的概括性的气象情况。如:The climate in this region suits the growth of oranges.(这一带的气候适合柑橘生长。)weather指天气,即一定区域一定时间内大气中发生的各种气象变化,如温度、湿度、气压、降水、风、云等的情况。如:What will the weather be like tomorrow?(明天天气怎么样?)

climax,peak,summit

名词。这几个词的共同含义是最高点。climax指戏剧、电影等之高潮,也指事物进展过程中的顶点,常意味着其后由强而弱。如:The cold of winter has come to its climax.(已经是冬季最冷的时候了。)peak意为“山峰”,但指山峰的全部或上部,也可指事物进展过程中的顶点。如:Traffic reaches its peak during rush hours.(上下班的时候交通最忙。)summit指山峰的顶点。如:They climbed up the peak and reached the summit.(他们爬山,到达了它的顶端。)summit也可指最高的官阶,如talks at the summit(最高级会谈)。

ascend,climb,mount,rise,scale

动词。这几个词的共同含义是向上运动。ascend是比较文雅的词,指不甚费力地上升。如:The elevator ascended slowly.(电梯徐徐上升。)climb意为“爬或攀登”,尤指手脚并用;也用于比喻抽象事物上升。如:He climbed the ladder.(他爬梯子。)Prices climbed last winter.(去年冬天物价涨了。)mount可指一步一步地登高,也可指一跃而上,如mount the stairs(上楼梯),mount a horse(骑马)等。rise指太阳、月亮、星星等升起或某些事物升高。如:The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东方升起。)The river rose two feet after the rainstorm.(河水在暴雨后涨了两英尺。)scale指经过艰苦的体力消耗逐步攀登。如:They tried to scale the city wall.(他们试图爬上城墙。)

close,complete,conclude,end,finish,terminate

动词。这几个词的共同含义是结束。close着重指完成某件事情的最后阶段。如:The conference closed with the adoption of a resolution.(会议结束时通过一项决议。)complete专指完成预定的任务。如:The student completed the task assigned by his teacher.(这个学生完成了老师布置的作业。)conclude的含义大致同close。如:A chorus concluded the concert.(音乐会的最后一个节目是合唱。)end泛指结束,如end a meeting(结束会议),end a war(结束战争),end a task with success(胜利完成任务)等。finish指完成某件事情或结束某种活动,不一定有预期的目的。如:I haven't finished reading that book yet.(我尚未看完那本书。)A scandal finished his political career.(丑闻结束了他的政治生涯。)terminate指按预定的地点或时间结束。如:The successful landing on an aircraft carrier terminated the series of test flights.(飞机在航空母舰上成功降落结束了系列试验飞行。)

close,near

形容词。这两个词的含义几乎相同,都指“近的”。一般说来,close比near更为靠近,如a close combat(肉搏战),fire at close range(近距离射击),Near East(近东),near the station(车站附近)等。在某些固定组合的短语中,close和near不能彼此互换。如a close friend(密友),a close contact(亲密的接触),in the near future(在不久的将来),on a near day(在近日内)等。

coach,educate,indoctrinate,instruct,school,teach,train,tutor

动词。这几个词的共同含义是传授知识。coach指训练或指导,如coach a football team(训练并指导一个足球队)。educate指教育,尤指对学生进行德智体各方面的学校教育。如:He has been educated at Oxford University.(他曾在牛津大学受教育。)indoctrinate指对人灌输思想、信仰等。如:Mrs.Green tried to indoctrinate her grandson in individualism.(格林夫人试图给孙子灌输个人主义。)instruct指教导学生某方面的知识或技能。如:A famous scholar instructed the class in ancient Chinese history.(一位著名学者教这个班中国古代史。)school指“进行比较系统的学校教育,但所教内容不一定是高深的学识”。如:He has been well schooled in courtesy.(他曾在学校受过良好的礼貌待人的教育。)teach的含义大致同instruct,但比后者更通用。train指训练,尤指进行艺术、技术、职业训练,如train actors(训练演员),train firemen(训练消防员)等。tutor指个别施教。如:I offered to tutor her in Chinese in exchange for the English lessons she would give me.(我提出由我教她汉语,她教我英语。)

collect,gather,muster

动词。这几个词的主要含义有二。其一是聚集,用法相同。如:A crowd of people collected to cheer the astronauts.(一群人聚在一起向宇航员们欢呼。)这句话里的collected可用gathered或mustered代替。其二不尽相同。collect指搜集,如collect revolutionary cultural relics(搜集革命文物)。gather指收集,如gather scrap(收集废品)。muster也指收集,但用于抽象事物,如muster all possible strength(集中一切力量),muster one's courage(鼓起勇气)等。