colo(u)r,dye,paint,stain,tinge,tint
动词。这几个词的共同含义是“给…着色”。colo(u)r的含义最广泛,不管着色的深浅,不分使用什么颜料,也不分是给什么东西着色。dye指用染料永久改变物体的颜色,如dye a white blouse green(把一件白衬衣染成绿色)。paint指用颜料或涂料涂在物体表面,使用的材料是耐久的。如:He painted the table brown.(他把桌子漆成棕色。)stain多指由于不良习惯、疏忽或其他原因使物体受到沾染,也指用化学方法给木料、玻璃等染色,如teeth stained by years of smoking(因多年抽烟而熏染的牙齿),stain wood with acids(用酸使木材染上色)等。tinge指对固有颜色进行轻微的改变。如:The sunlight tinged the cloud rosy.(阳光使云彩带上玫瑰色。)tint专指给头发轻轻染色,如tint the hair light yellow(把头发染成淡黄色)。
comb,ransack,scour,search
动词。这几个词的共同含义是搜索。comb指严密搜索。如:The police combed the neighbourhood for the escaped criminal.(警察在附近地毯式地搜索逃犯。)ransack指翻箱倒柜地搜索。如:She ransacked the drawer for the photo.(她翻抽屉寻找那张相片。)scour指急忙地搜索。如:He scoured the ground for the missing key.(他急急忙忙地在地面上搜寻丢失的钥匙。)search含义最广,多指搜查,如search drugs(搜查毒品)。
comic,comical,droll,facetious,funny,humorous,jocose,jocular,waggish,witty
形容词。这些词的共同含义是“使人高兴或发笑的”。comic指“喜剧的”,表现为滑稽,如a comic performance(滑稽的表演)。comical指“古怪而滑稽的”,略带贬义。如:There was something extremely comical about the short,fat clown waddling in clothes too big for him.(那个矮胖的小丑穿着太大的衣服摇摇摆摆地走,非常滑稽。)droll指“既可笑又怪里怪气的”,明显地含贬义,如a droll old man(怪里怪气的老头子)。facetious指“好开不正经玩笑的”,如facetious remarks(轻浮的玩笑话)。funny最常用,含义也较广,指“有趣而好笑的”,如a funny story(好笑的故事)。humorous指“风趣的、幽默的”。如:She is a humorous talker.(她说话很风趣。)jocose和jocular都是比较文雅的词,指“诙谐的”。前者指“严肃或外表严肃之人说话诙谐的”。如:The professor is jocose in conversation.(这位教授谈吐诙谐。)后者主要指以诙谐的言词回答严肃的问题,如a jocular reply(诙谐的回答)。waggish指“诙谐而滑稽的”。witty指“诙谐而机敏的”,如a witty speaker(谈笑风生的人),a stream of witty remarks(妙语连珠)等。
command,direction,directive,injunction,instruction,order
名词。这几个词的共同含义是命令或指示。command比较正式而通俗,含义也较广泛,常指对全局的指挥。如:The headquaters issued a command that the bridge should be restored within three hours.(司令部发布命令,桥必须在3小时以内修复。)direction意为“指示”,不一定详尽,也不一定是书面的,而且强制性较小,语气较委婉。如:The teacher gave directions that we should read newspapers every day.(老师指示我们每天都要读报。)directive指书面的、详细的、具体的指示。如:The factory director issued a directive on the procedure of production.(厂长就生产程序发出一项指示。)injunction特指法律上的禁令,如不遵守这种禁令即将受到法律制裁。instruction的含义同direction,但较详尽,且语气较严厉。如:He gave a detailed instruction about the way to collect the desired data.(他做出了关于如何收集所要资料的详细指示。)order也是比较通俗的词,含义不如command广泛,仅指具体命令。如:They received head quaters'command to attack at dawn,with the special orders each unit was to execute.(他们接到司令部关于拂晓出击的命令,同时还有各部队要分别执行的具体命令。)
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commission,committee
名词。这两个词的共同含义是委员会。commission指一般的委员会。committee则指为了执行某项特殊任务而专门成立的委员会,在美式英语中也可指一般的委员会,如a standing committee(常务委员会),the committee controlling council spending(控制理事会财政的委员会)等。
commit,confide,consign,delegate,entrust
动词。这几个词的共同含义是“托”。commit指比较郑重地委托,可指把人或物托付给他人,也可指无可奈何地把某事寄托给不由自己控制的某种势力。如:She committed her baby to a housemaid's care.(她把婴儿交给保姆照料。)They committed their chances for survival to fate.(他们把生存的希望寄托于命运之神。)confide指信托,尤其强调受托人的处理权。如:The Cabinet Minister confided the enforcement of the new regulations to the security officers.(这位内阁大臣把执行新规定的任务托付给保安人员。)consign指把某物托付他人看管,也指托卖。如:They consigned the madman to a mental hospital.(他们把这个疯子送入精神病院。)He consigned a bicycle to a secondhand shop.(他把一辆自行车交给委托商店寄卖。)delegate指把权力委托给人或机构代为执行。如:The government delegated full powers to that special envoy.(政府授全权给那位特使。)entrust强调委托的是安全与信赖所涉及的东西,可能是某项具体任务,也可能是某种需要保护的事物。如:The firm entrusted the purchase to an agent.(公司把收购任务委托给代理人。)He entrusted his money to a friend.(他把自己的钱委托给一个朋友保管。)
compete,contend,rival,vie
动词。这几个词的共同含义是双方或多方为了某一目标而互相竞争。compete是最通俗而常用的词,主要指为奖赏、高分等而竞争。如:The two football teams are competing for the European championship.(这两个足球队正在争夺欧洲冠军。)contend指心怀敌意地跟对手争胜或努力跟困难、疾病等作斗争。如:The invading army contended with the defenders for control of the seaport.(进犯的军队与守军争夺对海港的控制。)We must contend with difficulties,whatever happens.(不管发生什么事,我们都必须和困难作斗争。)rival指抗衡。如:The candidates rivaled each other in popularity.(这些候选人在名望方面不相上下。)vie指跟某人竞争某物,重竞争不重结果。如:They are vying with each other for the lead in climbing up the hilltop.(他们争先爬上山顶。)
complete,entire,intact,total,whole
形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“完整的”。complete强调完整无缺,即必要的组成部分都不缺少,如a complete set of tableware(全套餐具)。entire也指完整无缺,可用于具体事物,也可用于抽象事物,如the entire works of Lu Xun(鲁迅全集),be in entire agreement with somebody(完全同意某人的意见)。intact指完好无损。如:Few buildings in the bombed city remained intact.(在这座遭到轰炸的城市中,仍然完好无损的建筑物几乎没有。)total强调总数或总量,可用于具体事物,也可用于抽象事物。如total output(总产量),the total destruction of the oil refinery(炼油厂的彻底毁坏)。whole强调完整的“整”字,即未受损坏或分割,如a whole cake(整个蛋糕),the whole day(整天),the whole truth(全部真相)等。
compost,fertilizer,manure
名词。这几个词的共同含义是肥料。compost指混合肥料。fertilizer是肥料的统称,尤指化学肥料。manure指人畜的粪肥。
condemn,convict,doom,sentence
动词。这几个词的共同含义是确认某人有罪而给以惩罚。condemn既指判罪,又指判刑。如:He was condemned to spend his life in prison.(他被判终身坐牢。)convict是法律用词,指判某人有罪。如:The ruffian was convicted of murder.(这歹徒被判谋杀罪。)doom多指命运事先决定惩罚。如:In the story,the king was doomed to a terrible death for having killed his nephew.(故事里说,国王由于杀害自己的侄子,注定了惨死的下场。)sentence也是法律用词,指判刑。如:The man was sentenced to three months in jail for stealing.(此人因犯盗窃罪被判刑3个月。)