书城工具英语同义词的奥秘
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第17章

conduct,do,execute,fulfil,perform

动词。这几个词的共同含义是实践,即从事某种工作或活动。conduct强调某种实践的指导作用。如:He alone conducted the affairs of the company.(他独自处理公司的事务。)Mr.Brown conducted an orchestra.(布朗先生指挥一支管弦乐队。)The professor conducted a valuable experiment.(教授主持了一次有价值的实验。)do是最通俗的词,指一般地实践,如do odd jobs(干零活),do the wash(洗衣服),do one's shopping(买东西)等。execute指郑重其事地实践,如execute a command(执行命令),execute a contract(执行合同),execute a plan(执行计划),execute a will(执行遗嘱)等。fulfil与execute的含义有相同之处,但强调实践自己答应做的或应该做的事,如fulfil a duty(履行责任),fulfil a promise(履行诺言)等。perform在含义和用法上大致同fulfil,此外还指含有高技术水平地实践,如:The surgeon is performing an operation.(外科医生正在做手术。)

condone,excuse,forgive,overlook,pardon

动词。这几个词的共同含义是原谅。condone指对较重大的罪行假装不知地原谅而不予追究。如:The employment of child labo(u)r is still condoned in some countries.(有些国家依然对使用童工不予追究。)excuse指原谅微小过失或多用在客气话里。如:We excused his brusqueness,because we knew he had been under a severe strain.(我们原谅他冒失,因为我们知道他当时十分紧张。)Excuse me,but could you tell me the time?(对不起,请问现在几点钟?)forgive指感情上宽恕。如:Forgive me for my coming so shockingly late.(请原谅我来得太晚了。)overlook指宽容。如:The man overlooks extreme criticisms.(此人能宽容别人偏激的批评。)pardon不同于以上几个词之处在于还有赦免之意。如:The government pardoned some war criminals.(政府赦免了一些战犯。)

confidence,faith,reliance,trust

名词。这几个词的共同含义是信任。confidence指经过验证的信任。如:The person in charge has confidence in his staff.(主管信任自己手下的职员。)faith指坚定不移的信任,这种信任即使在发现可疑之处以后仍然不变。如:He has blind faith in divination.(他盲目相信占卜。)reliance指放心的信赖。如:The driver speeded along with complete reliance on the effectiveness of his brakes.(司机完全信赖自己的刹车灵,于是就高速行驶。)trust指基于直觉或私人关系而非基于理性考虑的纯粹感情上的信任。The two brothers had absolute trust in each other.(这两兄弟彼此绝对信任。)

configuration,contour,figure,form,outline,shape

名词。这几个词的共同含义是物体的外形。configuration指庞大的非肉眼所能一览无余的物体的外貌,如the configuration of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(青藏高原的外貌)。contour指轮廓,无论大小,如the contour of a pear(梨的轮廓),the contour of the earth(地球的轮廓)等。figure指任何事物的形象,尤指人像、画像或身材,如the figure of a ship on the horizon(地平线上的船形),the figure of Lu Xun in marble(鲁迅石雕像),a fine figure of a girl(姑娘的好身材)等。form一方面指外形,另一方面又可指内容的对立面,如the well-proportioned form of an athlete(运动员匀称的体型),the unity of content and form(内容和形式的统一)等。outline指物体的平面轮廓,如an outline map of Beijing(北京略图),the outline of his chin in profile(他的下巴的侧面轮廓)等。shape指形状,如the shape of a big tree(大树的形状),a cake in the shape of a heart(心形的蛋糕)等。

conquer,defeat,overcome,overpower,overthrow,overwhelm,rout,surmount,vanquish

动词。这几个词的共同含义是战胜。conquer指占领。如:During the Second World War Germany conquered France for four years.(第二次世界大战中德国占领法国达4年之久。)conquer也可指克服困难及心理上的障碍,如conquer shyness(克服怕羞的心理),conquer one's fear(克服恐惧心理)等。defeat指在任何一种战斗中击败对方,如defeat the enemy in battle(在作战中击败敌人),defeat the opponents in a football match(在足球赛中击败对手),defeat the adversary in an election contest(在竞选中击败对手)等。overcome现多指克服非物质性的东西,如overcome a bad habit(克服恶习),overcome the temptations(顶住种种诱惑)等。overpower强调以力量上的优势制服对方,不一定动武。如:No heat can overpower me.(天再热我也顶得住。)overthrow指推翻某个政权,如over throw the government(推翻政府)。overwhelm的含义大致同overpower,但强调以绝对优势控制局势。rout指击溃并赶走。如:They routed the invading army.(他们大败侵略军,把他们赶走了。)The earthquake routed them from their homes.(地震使他们无家可归。)surmount强调战胜困难或排除障碍,如surmount financial difficulties(克服财政困难)。vanquish是文学用语,主要指在个别的战斗中彻底战胜敌人。如:The troops vanquished the guards companies at the city's gates and soon controlled the capital.(部队消灭了各城门口的警卫连,很快控制了首都。)

consequence,effect,outcome,result

名词。这几个词的共同含义是结果。consequence多指不良后果。如:He often expressed his views regardless of the consequences.(他常常发表意见而不考虑后果。)If you break the law,you must take the consequences.(如若违法,后果自负。)effect多指直接的效果。如:These measures have brought about the desired effect.(这些措施产生了预期的效果。)outcome可指好的结果,也可指坏的结果,如the outcome of the talks(会谈的结果)。result多指最终的结果。如:His illness is the result of bad food and sleep shortage.(他的病是食物不良和睡眠不足引起的。)

conserve,maintain,preserve

动词。这几个词的共同含义是“使继续存在下去,不受损害”。conserve指对已有的物资实行节约,以备未来之用,如conserve natural resources(节约自然资源),conserve water(节约用水)等。maintain指保持原状,使不消失或减弱,多用于抽象事物,如maintain high vigilance(保持高度警惕),maintain one's health(保持个人健康)等。preserve强调采取适当措施对人或物进行保养,如preserve one's body(保养身体),preserve one's strength(养精蓄锐),preserve cultural relics(保养文物)等。

consume,employ,expend,use,utilize

动词。这几个词的共同含义是“用”。consume指吃喝、消耗或浪费。employ多指雇用,在文雅的文字中也可指使用。expend指花费时间、心思、能力等。use最通俗,含义较广,指消费、消耗、使用、利用等。utilize主要指利用。

contemporary,current,modern,recent

形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“现在的”。contemporary指“当代的”,比modern离目前更近,如contemporary art(当代艺术),contemporary furniture(当代家具)等。current指“当今的”,比contemporary所指时间跨度更小。如the current situation(当前形势),current events(时事)等。modern指现在和不久以前的一段历史时期,可能比较长,也可能比较短,即“现代的”或“近代的”,如modern buildings(现代建筑),modern history of China(中国近代史)等。recent指“最近的”或“前不久”,如a recent event(最近的事件),recent news(最近的消息)等。