continue,endure,last,persist,survive
动词。这几个词的共同含义是“持续”。continue含义最为广泛,可指好事或坏事持续、中断后再继续、某种状态持续、继续某种行动、留任等。如:The fighting on the outskirts of the city continued for a week before the enemy were defeated.(城郊的战斗持续了一个星期,敌军才被击溃。)The wet weather continued nearly a month.(潮湿天气持续了将近一个月。)After a short break the play continued.(经过短暂休息后,话剧继续演下去。)The group continued its investigation.(这个小组继续进行调查。)The minister continued in office after the cabinet was reshuffled.(内阁改组以后,这位部长依然留任。)endure是比较郑重文雅的词,指持续很长时间。如:The fame of our people's heroes will endure for ever.(我们人民英雄的英名将永垂不朽。)last指有时段地持续。如:The sultry weather lasted until September.(闷热的天气一直持续到9月。)persist指固执地持续下去。如:If you persist in breaking the law,you will be taken to prison.(你如坚持犯法,就会坐牢。)survive指经历艰险之后继续活下去。如:Of the wounded on the battle field only three survived.(在战场上受伤的人们中,只有3个人幸存。)
copy,duplicate,facsimile,replica,reproduction
名词。这几个词的共同含义是复制品。copy指复印品或影印品,如a copy of the famous painting(名画的影印件)。duplicate常指完全一模一样的可以代替原件的仿制品。如:These two keys are duplicates.(这两把钥匙完全相同。)facsimile指图书或文字作品的复制品,如facsimile telegraph(传真电报)。replica指出于原作者之手的艺术复制品,但可能有细微的差别。reproduction泛指精确或粗略的艺术复制品,如a cheap reproduction of a great painting(名画的廉价复制品)。
correspondence,letter,note
名词。correspondence和letter的共同含义是书信,前者是集体名词,后者是个体名词。如:I have a large correspondence to answer和I have many letters to answer这两句话的意思都是“我有许多回信要写”。note指便条。如:I'll leave a note to express my thanks to him for a gift.(我要留个条子对他的礼物表示谢意。)
costly,dear,expensive,high-priced
形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“昂贵的”。costly指由于罕见、精巧或因耗费巨大而昂贵。如:Such costly receptions should not be held.(不该举行这样费钱的招待会。)dear指“珍贵的”,不仅价格高、价值大,而且意义深刻,如a dear souvenir(珍贵的纪念品)。expensive指由于质量高或外观美而昂贵,而且含有奢华的意味。如:We really don't need such a big expensive car.(我们实在不需要这样大型的昂贵汽车。)high-priced指“价格高的”,不一定价值大,如a high-priced fake diamond(高价假钻石)。
countenance,face,features
名词。这几个词的共同含义是面貌。countenance和face均指面貌和脸上的表情。前者还指面貌的美丑,后者还指面子,如a handsome countenance(俊美的面容),an angry countenance(愤怒的表情),a sad face(愁容),lose face(丢面子)等。features仅指面貌的美丑。
country,land,nation,power,state
名词。这几个词的共同含义是国家。country指国土与全体居民,不论是否享有主权,如a dependent country(附属国),an independent country(独立国家)等。land指国家的领土。如:China is a vast land.(中国是个幅员广阔的国家。)nation除指国土与全体居民外,还有独立政府,如newly independent nations(新近独立的国家)。power指强国,如the Great Powers(列强),an industrial power(工业强国)等。state指政治概念上的国家,即由政府所代表的国家,如:In our country,the people are protected by the state.(在我国,人民受国家的保护。)
crease,crimp,fold,line,pleat,wrinkle
名词。这几个词的共同含义是(有如)折叠而成的线条。crease指布、纸上的折痕或长裤前后的折线,如the creases in a pair of trousers(裤子的折缝或裤腿的折痕)。crimp指故意折叠出来的褶纹,如crimps(卷发)。fold指折层或折痕,如the folds in the skirt(裙子的折层),the folds in a dress(衣服的折痕)等。line指皮肤上的皱纹,如a face seamed with lines(满是皱纹的脸)。pleat仅指衣服上的褶子。wrinkle指物体表面上的条纹,尤指老年人皮肤上的皱纹。如:The old lady's face is full of wrinkles.(老太太脸上布满皱纹。)
crime,felony,misdemeanour,offence,treason,violation
名词。这几个词的共同含义是违法行为。crime指罪行。felony指重罪。misdeanour指轻罪。offence指违法行为和伤风败俗的行为。treason指叛国罪及卖国罪。violation指强奸罪。
crowd,horde,host,mob,multitude,throng
名词。这几个词的共同含义是人群。crowd是最通用的词,可指乱纷纷的人群,也可指并不纷乱的听众和观众。如:There was a crowd rushing to the store to buy flour.(有一群人在抢购面粉。)The singer's concert drew a large crowd.(这位歌唱家的演唱会吸引了一大群人。)horde指乱哄哄的一大群人。如:A horde of people poured out of the stadium when the game ended.(比赛结束时,一大群人从体育场蜂拥而出。)host既可指一大群人,也可指大批东西。如:Our era produces a host of heroes.(我们的时代英雄辈出。)I'm sorry to have brought you a host of troubles.(我很抱歉给你带来了许多麻烦。)mob指一群乌合之众或暴民。如:A mob gathered in the street to watch the burning house.(人们乱哄哄地聚集在街上观看这座着火的房子。)The police dispersed a mob.(警察驱散了一群暴徒。)multitude指遍布在一大片地方的群众。如:A large multitude assembled on the square for the rally.(大批群众在广场上集合开大会。)throng常指一大群移动的人们。如:A throng of shoppers pushed against one another to the showcases of the department store.(一大群顾客推推搡搡地挤到百货商店的玻璃柜台前。)
crumb,crust
名词。这两个词的共同含义是面包渣子或点心渣子。crumb指面包瓤或点心瓤的碎屑,crust则指面包皮或点心外皮的碎屑。
curtail,diminish,reduce
动词。这几个词的共同含义是“减少”。curtail指突然削减,往往用于抽象的事物。如:Their holidays were curtailed by a terrible wind that destroyed their cottage in the mountain.(大风刮倒了他们的山间小屋,使他们未能度完假期。)diminish指逐渐减少但不是完全消失,所减去的部分可以是坏的,也可以是好的。如:As a man approaches his old age,his life force diminishes .(人接近老年,生命力就逐渐衰退。)As his confidence increased,his anxiety diminished.(随着他信心的增加,他的顾虑逐渐减少了。)reduce指减少数或量。如:The traffice policeman signaled me to reduce speed.(交通警打手势叫我减速。)The landlord won't reducethe rent of our house.(房东不肯减收我们的房租。)
custom,habit,practice,usage
名词。这几个词的共同含义是习惯。custom主要指习俗。如:It is still the custom in some parts of this country that a man has to give betrothal gifts in order to marry a girl.(这个国家的某些地方还流行一种习俗:男子娶妻须纳彩。)habit通常指个人习惯,往往是自然养成的。如:He has cultivated the habit of jogging every morning.(他养成了每天早晨慢跑的习惯。)practice指惯例,即一向的做法,如follow usual practice(因循惯例),break with usual practice(打破惯例)等。usage指人群的习惯。如:Meals based on rice are not in common usage in North China.(在中国北方人们不常吃米饭。)这个词还指语言的惯用法,如modern English usage(现在英语惯用法)。