书城工具英语同义词的奥秘
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第19章

damage,disable,harm,hurt,injure,wound

动词。这几个词的共同含义是使人或物遭受损伤或痛苦。damage强调使财产受损失。如:The building was slightly damaged as a consequence of the earthquake shocks.(地震之后这所房屋受到了轻微的损伤。)disable指“使残废”,常用于被动语态。如:He was disabled by polio.(他因患小儿麻痹症而残废。)harm应用得较广,指“使财物或身体、精神遭受损伤”。如:A fire broke out in our street,but our house wasn't harmed at all.(我们街上发生了火灾,但我家房子没有受到丝毫损失。)Getting up early won't harm you!(早起对你没有害处。)hurt指“使身体受轻伤”,也指“使人感情受到伤害”。如:He hurt his back when he fell.(他摔倒时,伤了后腰。)My feelings were hurt when he didn't invite me to the dinner party.(他没邀我参加宴会,我很伤心。)injure指“使身体局部受伤,同时受伤部位暂时丧失了功能”。如:The bird hopped about helplessly as one of its wings had been injured.(由于一只翅膀受了伤,这只鸟无可奈何地跳来跳去。)wound指把…弄伤,尤指用枪等武器把身体打伤。如:The shot wounded his leg.(子弹把他的腿打伤了。)

damsel,daughter,girl,lass,maid,maiden,virgin

名词。这几个词的共同含义是女子。damsel是旧时文学用语,指贵族出身的少女。daughter指女儿或关系如女儿者,年纪可大可小,对父母而言,都叫女孩。girl的使用范围最广,泛指女孩,也指未婚女子、女朋友、昔时之女仆、女性工作者等,如the office girls(女职员)。lass指少女,也指年轻男子之女友。maid一般指女佣人,如a house maid(清洁女佣),a kitchen maid(厨房女佣)等;旧时用法也指未婚女子。maiden是文学用语,指姑娘及处女。virgin专指处女。

danger,hazard,jeopardy,peril,risk

名词。这几个词的共同含义是危险,即有遭到损失或失败的可能。danger是最通用的词,泛指危险,不表明其是否立即出现或是否可避免。如:There is danger in climbing a high mountain.(登高山有危险。)hazard主要指预料中极有可能发生的危险。如:Explorer's life is full of hazards.(探险家的生涯总是危险重重。)jeopardy主要用于in jeopardy这个短语中。如:Such a move would put our experiment in jeopardy.(这种行动会危及我们进行的实验。)peril专指严重的或威胁到生命的危险。如:The refugees were constanfly in peril of death from hunger.(难民们随时都有饿死的危险。)risk指风险。如:There is risk involved in stock market speculation.(股市投机含有风险。)

dark,darkness

名词。这两个词的共同含义是“黑暗”。dark指无光的“黑暗”,也指夜晚、黑色等。如:Some children are afraid of the dark.(有些孩子怕黑。)darkness指光线不足的“黑暗”,也用于比喻社会状况落后。如:I could not see the house properly because of the darkness.(由于光线不好,我看不清楚这所房子。)The area used to be struck by forces of darkness.(这个地区过去黑暗势力猖獗。)

dark,dim,gloomy

形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“暗的”,但程度不同。dark意为“黑暗的”,如a dark night(黑夜)。dim意为“暗淡的”,如the dim light of an oil lamp(暗淡的油灯光)。gloomy意为“阴暗的”,如a gloomy day(阴暗的一天)。

daze,dazzle

动词。这两个词的共同含义是“使迷茫”。daze意为“使人神志迷糊”,常用于被动语态。如:After the traffic accident Mary was dazed.(出了车祸后,玛丽感到眩晕。)dazzle意为“使人眼花缭乱”。如:The splendid room dazzled the young girl.(华丽的房间使这个少女眼花缭乱。)

death,decease,demise

名词。这几个词的共同含义是死亡。death是常用的词,可用于人和动物。decease是法律名词。如:Upon your decease the house will pass to your sons.(你死后房屋归你的儿子们所有。)demise是法律名词或委婉的说法。如:We deeply lament her early demise.(我们对她的早逝深感悲痛。)

debris,garbage,junk,refuse,rubbish,trash

名词。这几个词的共同含义是废物。debris指破瓦残砾。garbage指如不处理就要腐臭的废物,如厨房的生活垃圾。junk指旧的或扔掉的尚有可用之处的金属、木材、碎布等。refuse指不再有利用价值的废物。rubbish的含义同refuse,但更为零碎。trash泛指废物,在美式英语中也指废人。

deceased,late

形容词。这两个词的共同含义是“已故的”。deceased是法律词语,泛指“已故的”。如:The deceased left a large sum of money to his wife.(死者留下一大笔钱给他妻子。)late指“新近故去的”。如:The late Dr.Green was a friend of mine.(新近去世的格林博士是我的朋友。)

decision,determination,resolution,resolve

名词。这几个词的共同含义是决定,即对如何行动拿定的主意。decision可指重大的决定,也可指一般的决定或在两种事物之间的抉择。如:In political matters,decision can be very difficult.(政治上的事情有时很难做决定。)She made a decision to rebuff his advances.(她断然拒绝他的求爱。)determination指决心。如:We have the determination to win honour for our country.(我们有为祖国争光的决心。)resolution的含义大致同determination,更加强调坚定不移,如battle against cancer with matchless resolution(以无比的毅力跟癌症作斗争)。resolve比resolution通俗,单纯地指坚强的意志,更加强调克服感情上的软弱,不包含较复杂的考虑。如:With a renewed resolve,he tried again to climb up the cliff.(他重新下定决心,再次试着向峭壁上爬。)

deep,profound

形容词。这两个词的共同含义是“深的”。deep较profound通俗,特别是在形容具体事物时常用deep,如deep ploughing(深耕),the deep sea(深海),a deep wound(很深的伤口)等。profound较多用于形容抽象事物,意为“深奥的”,如a profound mind(深奥的思想),a profound truth(深奥的哲理)等。

defend,guard,harbo(u)r,protect,safeguard,shelter,shield

动词。这几个词的共同含义是保护。defend指以武力防御。如:We are ready at all times to defend our country against any aggression.(我们随时准备保卫祖国不受任何侵犯。)guard指在潜在的或现实的危险下以高度警惕护卫。如:The police were out on duty to guard a foreign delegation.(警察出来值班保卫一个外国代表团。)harbo(u)r指包庇或在不知情的情况下隐匿坏人坏事。如:He harbo(u)red a fugitive.(他窝藏了一名逃犯。)protect最为通俗常用,如protect the country against attack(保卫国家免受攻击),protect the environment against pollution(保护环境防止污染),protect one's head by wearing a helmet(戴钢盔护头),protect the saplings from the cold(保护树苗使不受冻)等。safeguard泛指防护,包括以武力防卫和以非武力的方式保护,如safeguard national independence and state sovereignty(维护民族独立和国家主权),safeguard world peace(保卫世界和平),safeguard the interests of the collective(维护集体利益)等。shelter常指利用有形的掩护物提供临时的庇护。如:They were sheltered from the rifle fire by a heap of stones.(一堆石头为他们遮住了火力。)shield主要指采取遮挡的办法进行庇护。如:She shielded her eyes from the strong light.(她遮住眼睛,避免强烈光线的照射。)

delegate,deputy,representative

名词。这几个词的共同含义是代表。delegate指被他人授权代为执行的人,如被派去参加某一会议的代表。deputy指首长的全权代表。如:Henry will be my deputy while I am away.(我不在时亨利为我的代理人。)representative指能体现某人或一群人的所有特点的代表,如the representative of the French Impressionists(法国印象派的代表)。

delirious,frantic,frenetic,frenzied,furious,hectic

形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“非常激动的”。delirious强调“极度兴奋的”,如be delirious with joy(狂喜)。frantic含义较广,指“因焦急、恐惧、悲哀、快乐等而激动得发疯似的”。如:The mother was frantic with grief while hearing the sad news of her child's death.(母亲听到她的小孩死亡的噩耗时哀痛欲狂。)frenetic强调过分激动与紧张,如the frenetic last minutes of the tied basketball game(相持不下的篮球赛中令人万分激动的最后几分钟)。frenzied指“完全不能自制而发狂的”,如frenzied aggression(疯狂的侵略)。furious指“狂怒的”,如a furious temper(暴躁的脾气),be furious with somebody(对某人大发雷霆)等。hectic指“紧张的、忙乱的”,如a hectic day(紧张忙碌的一天),the hectic traffic during peak hours(高峰时间的忙乱交通)等。