abbreviate,abridge,condense,contract,curtail
动词。这几个词的共同含义是缩减。abbreviate指缩短英语单词或组词、演说、访问等。如:“Feb.”is abbreviated from “February”.(“Feb.”是“February”的缩写。)His speech was abbreviated by the limit of time.(由于时间的限制,他的演说缩短了。)abridge指删节。如:The article was abridged from a pamphlet.(这篇文章是由一本小册子删节而成的。)condense指浓缩,如condensed milk(炼乳),a condensed report(精简的报告)等。contract指收缩。如:He often contracts his brows.(他经常皱眉头。)Medal contracts as it becomes cool.(金属遇冷收缩。)这个词也有缩写之意,既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词,不同于abbreviate之处在于后者仅作及物动词。curtail指削减,如curtail public spending(削减公共开支)。
abide,linger,remain,stay
动词。这几个词的共同含义是“留下来”。abide指居留,是比较文雅的词。如:He abided in London for three years.(他在伦敦居留过5年。)linger指留恋不走。如:When the performance was over,the audience lingered in the theatre,clapping their hands.(演出结束后观众舍不得离开剧场,纷纷鼓掌。)remain和stay的含义大致相同,可以相互替换。但remain强调同已经离去的他人对比,stay则强调暂停。如:When the others had gone,he remained to see the end of the game.(其他人走了之后,他还留下来看比赛结果。)The doctor told me to stay in bed.(大夫嘱咐我卧床休息。)
ability,capability,capacity,faculty,gift,talent
名词。这几个词的共同含义是能力。ability指比较全面的能力。如:He is a man of ability.(他是个有才能的人。)capability指某方面的才干或技能。如:The man has great capabilities in playing the piano.(这个人有弹钢琴的非凡的才干。)capacity侧重于领会的能力。如:This book is within the capacity of ordinary readers.(这本书一般读者也可以看懂。)faculty指智力。如:He has a great faculty for learning languages.(他很有学习语言的才智。)gift指天资。如:He has a gift for mimicry.(他有模仿的天分。)talent指可发展和培育的天资。如:He has a talent for music.(他有音乐天才。)
abjure,disclaim,disown,forswear,recant,retract
动词。这几个词的共同含义是放弃。abjure指公开放弃意见、信仰等。如:The Christian abjured his religion.(这位基督教徒公开放弃其信仰。)disclaim指放弃权利或要求。如:The man disclaimed any interest in the disputed land.(那个人放弃了在这块有争议的土地上的所有权益。)disown指弃绝,尤指断绝亲属关系。如:His parents disowned him when he refused to mend his ways.(由于他拒绝改过自新,他的父母就同他断绝了关系。)forswear指发誓放弃。如:He forswore drinking.(他立誓戒酒。)recant指公开表示放弃以前的政治或宗教见解而改信其他。如:He recanted his faith and became a Buddhist.(他改变了信仰而成为佛教徒。)retract是书面语,指收回自己的提议、声明等。如:The politician retracted his earlier statement.(这个政客收回了他早些时候的声明。)
able,capable
形容词。这两个词的共同含义是“有能力的”。able意为“有比较全面能力的”。如:He is an able leader.(他是一位有才干的领导者。)capable意为“有某方面的才干或技能的”。如:She is a capable teacher of music.(她是很称职的音乐教师。)
abode,domicile,dwelling,habitation,home,hovel,residence
名词。这几个词的共同含义是住处。abode是正式场合用词或文学用词。domicile一般仅用法律文件。dwelling是正式场合使用的幽默的词,如humble dwelling(寒舍)。habitation也是正式场合用词。home指家庭的住所。hovel指茅舍、陋室。residence指大宅第或公共住宅,如the Prime Minister's residence(首相官邸),the students in residence(寄宿生)等。
abolish,abrogate,annul,cancel,repeal
动词。这几个词的共同含义是废除。abolish指废除某种制度或规章。如:The company abolished the old rules.(这家公司取消了旧规章。)The treaty was abolished.(这条约废除了。)abrogate指使用权力加以废除,但不一定采取司法程序。annul多指宣布终止效力。如:The ban was annulled.(禁令失效了。)cancel指使某事项作废。如:Mary cancelled her order for a new car.(玛丽取消了新车定购单。)repeal指撤消立法机关通过的法案。如:parliament repealed the Corn Laws.(国会废除了玉米法。)
about,almost,approximately,nearly
副词。这几个词的共同含义是“不十分精确地”。about泛指“大约”,即表示数字、时间、程度等可能“略多于”或“略少于”、“略高于”或“略低于”,如about sixty(六十左右)。almost意为“几乎”,如almost everybody(几乎每个人)。approximately意为“近似”,多见于书面语。nearly意为“近乎”、“将近”,如nearly 5000years(将近五千年)。
abscond,escape,flee,fly
动词。这几个词的共同含义是“逃走或跑掉”,但用法不同。abscond往往指犯了法或做了错事仓促逃走,特别是携带赃物或赃款潜逃,也指从扣押下逃走。如:The treasurer absconded with two hundred thousand dollars.(司库携款20万美元潜逃。)escape最为常用,其特点是强调急迫性。如:He played dead to escape capture by the enemy.(他装死以免被敌人俘获。)flee通常指仓皇逃走。如:Thousands of refugees fled the war zone.(成千上万的难民仓皇逃离战区。)fly指逃避。如:The swindler tried to fly from justice.(诈骗犯企图逃避公理的制裁。)
absolute,despotic,dictatorial
形容词。这几个词都有“专制”的含义。absolute(专制的)泛指“拥有无限权力的”。despotic(专横的)意为“残暴地运用权力的”,是贬义词。dictatorial(独裁的)侧重于指独断专行地运用权力的,也是贬义词。
absurd,irrational,unreasonable
形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“不合理性的”。absurd意为“荒谬的”,如an absurd argument(荒谬的论调)。irrational指人或事极不合理的。unreasonable的含义同irrational,但程度较轻。如:The prices at that restaurant are unreasonable.(那家餐馆的价格不合理。)
acclamation,applause,handclapping
名词。这几个词的共同含义是用形体动作表示赞赏。acclamation意为“欢呼”。如:The congress adopted the proposal by acclamation.(大会以欢呼方式通过了这项提案。)applause意为“鼓掌喝彩”,还可包括跳跃等动作。handclapping意为“拍手”,一般表示欢迎或称赞,但有时也指催促、不耐烦或试图引起注意等。
accommodate,adapt,adjust,conform,fit,reconcile
动词。这几个词的共同含义是“(使)适应”。accomodate指“使适应新情况”。如:I accommodated myself to the climate there.(我使自己适应了那里的气候。)adapt指采取较为重大的变动来做到适应。如:They adapted books for children.(他们为少年儿童改写书。)adjust指进行较为微小的更动来做到适应。如:She adjusted the hem of the dress.(她修改了衣服的折边。)conform指适应或依从一定的形式或规范。如:We must conform to the habits of the local population.(我们必须按照当地居民的习惯办事。)fit意为“(使)适合某个目的或用途”。如:The dress fits me well.(这件衣服很适合我穿。)reconcile意为“使不同的行为或看法一致”。如reconcile one's words and deeds(使言行一致)。
accommodation,apartment,bedsitter,flat,lodging,quarters,suite
名词。这几个词的共同含义是住处。accommodation是美式英语,泛指住处,一般指暂时住宿之处。apartment指一套公寓房间。bedsitter指卧室兼起居室。flat的含义同apartment。lodging的含义同accommodation。quarter指某种人集中的居住区,如the student quarter(学生区)。suite指豪华的旅馆套房。
accomplishments,acquirements,attainments
名词。这几个词的共同含义是成就。accomplishments泛指成就。acquirements一般指学识的成就。attainments着重指技能方面的造诣。