书城工具英语同义词的奥秘
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第3章

accord,award,confer,give,grant

动词。这几个词的共同含义是把某物无偿地给予他人。accord指根据某种理由、某种资格授予。如:The neighbours accorded him high praise for what he did.(邻人们高度赞扬了他的行为。)award的含义与accord相同,但授予者往往是具有裁判权力的。如:The committee awarded prizes to a group of researchers.(委员会把奖金授予一批研究人员。)confer指为了表示赞许或报酬而授予。如:The college conferred an honorary degree upon the statesman.(学院把一项荣誉学位授予这位政治家。)give的用途最广,给予之物可以是物质的,也可以是精神的。grant指出于慷慨、怜悯或正义感而给予,而且往往是在被请求的情况下给予。如:The company leader granted his men a short leave.(连长准了士兵们一次短假。)

accost,address

动词。这两个词的共同含义是跟人讲话。accost指与人攀谈。如:Having a good opinion of a strange girl in the ballroom,he accosted her.(在舞厅里他对一位陌生女郎有好感,主动上去同她攀谈。)address指对某人或某一群人讲话。如:The president will address the Congress sometime next week.(总统将于下周某日向国会讲话。)

account,report,story,version

名词。作“报道”解时,这几个词有共性。account多指提供第一手材料的口头或书面的详细报道。如:A farmer gave an account of the shooting star he had witnessed to a newspaperman.(一个农民向新闻记者讲了他亲眼看到的流星。)report指正式的新闻报道。如:The evening paper carried an interesting report.(晚报登了一篇有趣的报道。)story常指通讯,有时指歪曲真相的传闻。如:Smart detectives can see through a story concocted to throw off suspicion.(精明的侦查人员能够看穿为逃避嫌疑而编造的情节。)version指对同一事件所作的数种不同报道之一种。如:There are two different versions of what happened.(对发生的事情有两种不同的说法。)

accredit,ascribe,attribute,impute

动词。这几个词都具有“把……归于”的含义,但又有所区别。accredit一般只用于好事,不用于坏事。如:The success was accredited to the good planning.(这次成功归功于计划订得好。)ascribe的主观臆断成分较重。如:The Romans ascribed their victories to the blessing of the gods.(罗马人把他们的胜利归功于神的保佑。)attribute含有较多的客观性。如:The commentators attributed the rising production to a new policy.(评论家们认为,是一项新政策促使生产上升。)impute则多用于坏事,意为“把……归咎于”。如:They imputed the accident to his carelessness.(他们认为,事故是他的疏忽造成的。)

ache,pain,pang,stitch,throe,twinge

名词。这几个词的共同含义是痛苦。ache指人体某处的长时间持续的疼痛。如:He has had a stomach-ache for two days.(他胃痛已经两天了。)pain的应用范围最广,可以代替这里所列的其他任何一词,即长期的或短期的、局部的或全身的、轻微的或剧烈的、肉体的或精神的痛苦。如:I have a pain in the knee.(我膝盖痛。)She was in great pain after receiving the letter of her mother's death.(她收到母亲去世的来信后,痛苦万状。)pang指突发的、剧烈的而且往往是反复发作的阵痛,如the pangs of childbirth(临盆的阵痛)。stitch指突发的、剧烈的刺痛,往往伴有痉挛,尤其发生在胁部。如:I have a stitch in my left side.(我左胁刺痛。)throe往往以复数形式出现,指剧烈的、惊厥性的疼痛或临死的苦痛。如:The country is in the throes of war.(那个国家在战火中挣扎。)twinge的含义大致与pang相同,但较为轻微,而且往往伴有肌肉的收缩,如twinge of rheumatism(风湿性绞痛)。以上各词除stitch外,都可以指精神上的痛苦。

acknowledge,admit,avow,confess,own

动词。这几个词都有“承认”的意思。acknowledge一般指承认自己已知但不打算公开的事实。如:He bravely acknowledged his fault.(他勇敢地承认自己的过错。)admit指认识到某种事实。如:She admitted that she had forgotten the matter.(她承认把这件事忘了。)avow指公开宣称。如:He avowed himself a supporter of Mr.James.(他公开声明自己是詹姆斯先生的支持者。)confess指招认。如:The defendant confessed that he had committed a burglary.(被告供认犯了盗窃罪。)own的含义与acknowledge相同,但比较口语化。

acquaintance,familiarity

名词。这两个词的共同含义是认识。acquaintance指人与人间一般的认识。如:He has a nodding acquaintance with Mr.Shepherd.(他同谢泼德先生有点头之交。)familiarity指熟知。如:His familiarity with Tibetan customs impressed me deeply.(他熟悉藏族的习俗,这一点给我的印象很深。)

acquaintance,companion,comrade,confidant,crony,friend,mate

名词。这几个词的共同含义是相识的人,但又有区别。acquaintance指曾经见过面或认得但只有泛泛之交的人。companion有两重意义,一是最亲密的朋友,一是偶然结伴的相识。如:She promised to be his constant companion.(她答应要做他永恒的伴侣。)comrade目前多指政党内部的同志,有时也泛指一般的志同道合者。confidant指知己或心腹。crony用于非正式场合,其含义同confidant,尤指年长者的知己。friend是最常用的词,泛指朋友。mate一般指工人中的伙伴、同事或学生中的同学。

across,through

介词。这两个词的共同含义是“从一边到另一边”。across指空间概念上“横越”,如fly across the Pacific Ocean(飞越太平洋)。through指空间概念上“从中间穿过”和时间概念上“从头到尾经过”,如walk across the street(横穿马路),work through the night(通宵工作)等。

act,action,deed

名词。这几个词的共同含义是行为。act着重指具体的短暂而单一的行为、动作。如:Sacrificing oneself to save somebody else is an act of justice.(舍己救人是正义行动。)action一般指包括许多动作的较长时间的行动。如:The time has come for action.(行动的时候到了。)deed一般多指重大或高尚的行为。如:He was praised for his noble deeds.(他的崇高事迹受到称赞。)

action,battle,campaign,combat,encounter,engagement,fight,operation,skirmish,struggle,war,warfare

名词。这些词的共同含义是战斗。action指一次具体的战斗。battle指带有战略性的战役。campaign指较大规模的战役,其中包括一系列的“作战”,如the Huai-Hai Campaign(淮海战役)。combat常指格斗,如single combat(单打独斗)。encounter指遭遇战。engagement指交战、交火。如:At this very place we fought several engagements with the enemy.(就在这里我们同敌人交了几次火。)fight除有战斗、斗争的含义之外,主要指打架、斗殴。如:The boy had a fight with his younger brother.(这孩子同他弟弟打了一架。)operation指作战行动,如the army's operations in North Africa(在北非的军事行动)。skirmish指小规模战斗或小冲突。struggle指斗争、奋斗,如life-and-death struggle(生死斗争)。war指大规模的战争,如World War(世界大战)。warfare指具体的作战方法,如bacteriological warfare(细菌战),guerrilla warfare(游击战)等。

add,increase

动词。当做及物动词用,这两个词的共同含义是“加”。add是把某事物(或数量)加在另一事物(或数量)上。如:He added another book to his library.(他又增加了一本藏书。)increase指在某事物原有基础上增加数量等。如:This measure will probably increase the expenses.(这一措施也许会增加开销。)

adjacent,contiguous,neighbouring

形容词。这两个词的共同含义是“邻近的”。adjacent可指“邻近的”,也可指“毗连的”,多见于书面语,如adjacent rooms(邻近的房间)。contiguous指“毗连的”。如:The two provinces are adjacent to each other but not contiguous.(这两省相近但不接壤。)neighbouring是美式英语,指“邻近而不毗连的”。