书城工具英语同义词的奥秘
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inevitable,unavoidable

形容词。这两个词均指“不可避免的”。inevitable意为“必然发生的”,指事物发展的逻辑。如:War is an inevitable product of capitalism.(战争是资本主义的必然产物。)An argument was inevitable because they disliked each other so much.(争辩是免不了的,因为他们彼此非常讨厌对方。)unavoidable指“在具体条件下不可避免的”。如:This traffic accident on the highway was unavoidable because of the bad weather.(公路上这次交通事故由于天气恶劣不可避免。)

information,intelligence,tidings,news

名词。这几个词的共同含义是消息。information指关于人或事物情况的报道,如a piece of information(一则消息),official information(官方消息)等。intelligence指情报,尤指关于敌国的情报,如intelligence agent(情报人员),military intelligence(军事情报)等。tidings是消息的旧用法。news是目前使用范围最广的词,意为“新闻”,指媒体报道的消息,如foreign news(国际新闻),home news(国内新闻),TV news(电视新闻)等。

inscribe,jot,pen,scribble,write

动词。这几个词的共同含义是“写”。inscribe指题名或题记。如:They have inscribed their names upon the pages of history.(他们已留名青史。)The professor inscribed his book to one of his students.(教授把自己著的书题赠给一名学生。)jot指草草地写。如:I jotted down his telephone number on the margin of the newspaper I was reading.(我把他的电话号码草草写在我正在看的那张报纸的页边上。)pen指用笔写。scribble指乱写或潦草书写。如:Two school girls scribbled notes to each other in class.(两个女生在课堂上乱写条子互相传递。)write的含义范围最广,就书写工具而言,可指用钢笔或铅笔写,用打字机打;就所写对象而言,可指写书、写信、写文章、写歌曲等。

inspect,look,notice,observe,regard,see,watch,witness

动词。这几个词的共同含义是“看”。inspect指为了解情况或发现问题而用心查看事物的细节。如:The detective was inspecting the furniture with a view to finding fingerprints and other marks.(侦查人员正在检视家具,目的在于发现指纹印或其他痕迹。)look指“看”这一动作。如:I looked but saw nothing.(我看了看,但什么也没看见。)The children looked at the giant panda,clapping their hands with glee.(孩子们高兴地拍着手看大熊猫。)notice指在“看”的同时含更多的意志成分,即注意到。如:I noticed that he kept his fist clenched as he talked.(我注意到他讲话时一直紧握着拳头。)observe指以客观态度进行观察。如:The anthropologist observed the customs of the tribe for two full years.(这位人类学家用了整整两年时间观察这个部落的习俗。)regard指以某种主观的态度注视。如:The sentry regarded us suspiciously.(哨兵的眼睛怀疑地盯住我们。)see指凭借眼睛去感受,并不依靠意志,含义广泛,包括看见、会见、看出、看望等。如:Seeing is believing.(眼见为实。)He was too busy to see anybody yesterday.(昨天他太忙,没有时间会客。)I fail to see any difference between the two.(我看不出这两者之间有什么区别。)When will you come and see us?(你什么时候来看望我们?)等。watch指留心看移动中的某物或现象,如watch television(看电视),watch a football match(看足球赛),watch some people playing cards(看人打牌),watch the sunset(看日落)等。witness指亲眼看见。如:About half a dozen people witnessed the traffic accident.(大约有五六个人目击了那次车祸。)

insurgency,insurrection,rebellion,revolt,revolution,uprising

名词。这几个词的共同含义是造反。insurgency指造反的行动或性质、状态,往往有革命活动的性质。insurrection指突然爆发的造反行动,目的在于夺取政权,尤指少数军人发动的政变。rebellion指公开的、有组织的、广泛的叛乱,常以失败告终。revolt指因反抗某种变本加厉的压迫而突然爆发的造反行为,如the revolt caused by exorbitant taxes and levies(苛捐杂税引起的叛乱)。revolution指革命,尤指用武力夺取政权,也可泛指一切重大而彻底的变革,如the new-democratic revolution(新民主主义革命),the socialist revolution(社会主义革命)等。uprising通常指自发的规模较小的起义,因缺乏装备、准备或支持而短命。如:The army brutally put down the peasant uprisings.(军队残酷地镇压了农民起义。)

intend,mean

动词。这两个词的共同含义是意欲和意指。如:He intends to study law.(他打算学法律。)What do you intend by that remark?(你说这话是什么意思?)这两句话中的intend均可用mean代替,但前者是比较正式的词,后者主要用于口语;在说明一种效果不良的行为是出于善良动机时,往往用mean而不用intend。如:He did something out of place,but I'm sure he meant well.(他做了不适当的事,可是我确信他的本意是好的。)

ivory,tusk

名词。这两个词的共同含义是象牙。前者指用以制作工艺品的象牙原料,也指象牙制品特别是钢琴之琴键。后者指象、公野猪等之长牙。

jest,joke

名词。这两个词的共同含义是笑话。jest是正式场合或文学用词,多指嘲笑的话语,不包括令人发笑的故事。如:Don't make a jest of me.(别拿我开心。)joke是常用的词,指短而好笑的故事,也可指笑柄。如:The speaker interspersed his speech with a few jokes.(发言人在讲话中点缀了几则笑话。)That remark of his has become the joke of the town.(他的这句话已成为全镇的笑柄。)

keepsake,memento,souvenir

名词。这几个词的共同含义是纪念品。keepsake指个人之间赠送的小纪念品。如:Ada's boyfriend gave her a bracelet as a keepsake.(艾达的男朋友送她一个手镯做纪念。)memento指关于某人、某事的小纪念品。如:Every guest received an electronic toy as a memento of the party.(每位宾客都得到这次聚会的纪念品电子玩具一件。)souvenir指关于某个事件、某次旅行、某个地方的纪念品,如souvenirs of Olympic Games(奥运会纪念品),souvenirs of a trip(旅行纪念品)等。

kin,kindred,relation,relative

名词。这几个词的共同含义是家人或亲人。kin是旧用法,且不用于正式场合,狭义地说指家人,广义地说指族人。此词现已不常用,只出现在next of kin(至亲),no kin to(无亲戚关系)等短语中。kindred仅指家人。relation是正式场合用的词,其含义与relative相同,但还有“关系”的意思,为避免混淆,在指“家人”时最好用relative而不用relation。

kind,kindly

形容词。这两个词的共同含义是“仁慈的、和蔼的、亲切的”。kind多指天性、感情的仁慈,如a kind person(仁慈的人),a kind heart(慈悲心肠),a kind thought(关切的想法)等。kindly则多指举止的和蔼、亲切,特别是对年轻、体弱或地位低的人,如a kindly face(和蔼的表情),a kindly smile(亲切的笑容),have a kindly manner(态度平易近人)等。

knickerbockers,pants,shorts,trousers,underpants

名词。这几个词的共同含义是裤子。knickerbockers指灯笼裤。pants在美国泛指裤子,在英国指男用或女用短内裤。shorts泛指短裤,在美国指男用短内裤。trousers泛指长裤。underpants专指男用短内裤。

knock,pat,rap,tap

动词。这几个词的共同含义是“在物体上面打”。knock指有意无意地敲,通常发出声音。如:Did you hear someone knock at the door?(你听见有人敲门吗?)pat指以手掌等扁平物轻拍以示亲切、同情等。如:The mother patted the little girl to make her go to sleep.(母亲拍小女儿入睡。)rap指急速地轻敲。如:He rapped his pipe on the ash tray.(他在烟灰缸上磕烟斗。)tap指急速地轻敲或轻拍某物以引起注意。如:I tapped on the window to let them know I'd arrived.(我轻轻叩打窗户让他们知道我到了。)

language,speech,tongue

名词。这几个词的共同含义是语言。language既可指人的语言,包括书面语、口语及手势、符号等表达之语言,也可指动物的语言,如gesture language(手势语),computer language(计算机语言),the language of dolphins(海豚的语言)等。speech指人的口语、口音,也可指正式的讲话。如:By your speech I can tell you're from Scotland.(从你的口音,我可以断定你来自苏格兰。)He delivered a long speech at the opening ceremony.(他在开幕式上作了长篇讲话。)tongue专指口语,如one's native tongue(母语)。

lately,recently

副词。这两个词均指“不久前”。lately一般用于疑问句或否定句。如:Have you seen him lately?(你最近看见过他吗?)I haven't seen him lately.(我近来没有看见他。)recently则用于肯定句。如:I got a letter from him recently.(不久前我收到他一封信。)

later,latter

形容词。这两个词的共同含义是“较后的”。later指“在时间上较后的”,如his later works(他的晚期作品)。latter则指“在顺序上较后的”,如the latter half of the 15th century(15世纪后半叶)。