书城工具英语同义词的奥秘
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第28章

location,scene,setting,site,spot

名词。这几个词的共同含义是地点。location指确切的地点,如the location of the thief's hide-out(窃贼藏身之地),a suitable location for the new post office(盖新邮局的适当地点)等。scene指真实事件发生的地点,可大可小,如a murder scene(凶杀案现场),the scene of the accident(出事地点),the scene of the battle(战场)等。setting指环境或小说、电影等的背景。如:Waterfalls formed a beautiful setting for a holiday trip.(瀑布构成了假日旅游佳境。)The setting of the novel is Shanghai during the War of Resistance Against Japan.(这部小说的背景是抗日战争期间的上海。)site指有专门用途或供特定活动的场地,如a camping site(宿营地),a construction site(工地)等。spot指适于达到一定目的的范围很有限的地点,如a scenic spot(风景胜地),a picnic spot(适于郊游的地点)等。

loot,pillage,plunder,ravage,sack

动词。这几个词的共同含义是掠夺。loot是较通用的词,多指匆忙地无组织地抢劫他人贵重财物。pillage专指在战争中对被占领区的财物进行掠夺。plunder多指在战时或混乱时期进行抢劫,如plunder the shops of their goods in confusion(在混乱中抢劫商店里的货物)。ravage指掠夺并严重破坏某一地区。如:The fascists ravaged the whole village.(***匪徒们把整个村庄破坏成一片废墟。)sack主要指在战争中战胜者洗劫被攻陷的城市等。如:The Nazi armies sacked Europe's art galleries.(**军队把欧洲各地的美术馆洗劫一空。)

lunch,luncheon

名词。这两个词的共同含义是午餐。后者是正式用语,常指午宴。

make,manufacture,produce

动词。这几个词的共同含义是制造。make泛指制造,如make a cake(做蛋糕),make glass into bottles(用玻璃制成瓶子)等。manufacture指用机器大量制造。如:The industrialized nations manufacture and export machines.(工业化国家制造和出口机器。)produce的含义大致同make,但强调产品的数量。如:The new agricultural methods produce more crops out of the same amount of land.(农业上的新方法使得同样面积的土地上生产出更多的作物。)

male,manly,mannish,masculine,virile

形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“有男性特点的”。male单纯从性别上指“男性的或雄性的”,如a male dog(公狗),a male voice(男声),male hormone(男性激素)等。manly指“男子气概的”,强调男人的精神特征和长处如阳刚、英勇等。如:He made a manly determination to fight back against his opressors.(他果断地决定反击压迫他的人们。)mannish是贬义词,指“女人的性格、举止、外貌等像男人的”。masculine的含义同manly,也指“许多种语言中阳性的”。virile通常含褒义,指“充满男性活力的”,强调作为男性特征的体力。如:Husbands who appear manly enough sometimes are not really very virile.(外表颇有男性气概的丈夫们,有时并不真的是精力旺盛的男子。)

manner,method,mode,way

名词。这几个词的共同含义是方法或方式。manner用于正式场合,指做事的方法或事情发生的方式。如:Results depend on the manner of executing the plan.(结果如何要看计划怎样执行而定。)method指为了求得高效率而采用的精心设计的方法,如the best method of teaching(最佳教学法),the method of handling the present difficult situation(应付当前困境的方法)等。mode指举止、说话、写作、生活等方式。如:He distinguished himself in his mode of writing.(他以写作方式出名。)He suddenly became rich,which changed his whole mode of life.(他突然有钱了,财富改变了他的整个生活方式。)way是通用且较为通俗的词,可指无意识的简单的方式方法,也可指经过深思熟虑的复杂的方式方法。如:He spoke in such a way as to offend them.(他那样说话,使他们很不高兴。)what's the right way to address the honoured guest?(怎样称呼这位贵宾才得体?)

manslaughter,murder

名词。这两个词的共同含义是杀人罪。前者是法律名词,指过失杀人罪;后者指谋杀罪。

many,much

形容词。这两个词的共同含义是“多”。many指“数”的“多”,用于修饰可数名词的复数形式。如:How many children are there in that kindergarten?(那所幼儿园里有多少孩子?)much指“量”的“多”,用于修饰不可数名词。如:I'm sorry for causing you so much trouble.(很抱歉,给你添了很多麻烦。)

memorize,recall,recollect,remember

动词。这几个词的共同含义是“记得”。memorize指有意识地努力记住。如:The policeman cast a look at the car,trying to memorize its plate number.(警察瞧了瞧这辆汽车,努力记住他的牌号。)recall是比较文雅的词,指主动地追忆。如:I didn't recall his name until he answered the roll call.(直到他在点名应到时,我才想起他的名字来。)recollect可指有意识地追忆或不由自主地记得,也可指津津有味地回忆起。如:She tried hard to recollect where she had seen that man.(他努力追忆曾在哪里见过那个人。)He couldn't help recollecting mournfully how his mother had suffered before she breathed her last.(他不由得伤心地想起他母亲临终时如何痛苦的情景。)He recollected with great relish how he played a stratagem upon the enemy and won the battle.(他津津有味地回忆起他如何对敌人施巧计而打胜仗的事。)remember是最常用的词,多指自然而然地想起,有时也指刻意记住。如:I still remember his telephone number.(我还记得他的电话号码。)The teacher told her pupils to remember the date set for handing in their homework.(老师叫学生们务必记住交家庭作业的日期。)

mount,mountain

名词。这两个词均指高山。mount是旧用法,在现代英语中仅用于诗中或大写用于山名之前,如Mount Emei(峨眉山)。

mouse,rat

名词。这两个词的共同含义是老鼠。mouse指家鼠、田鼠。rat指棕鼠、黑鼠,貌似但体型大于mouse。

nation,nationality,people

名词。这几个词的共同含义是民族或种族。nation小而言之指同一种族、同一语言的人的共同体,大而言之指一国之内各民族的总称,如the Indian nations in the western United States(美国西部的印第安种族),the Chinese nation(中华民族)等。nationality指多民族国家内的一个民族,如the Tibetan nationality(藏族)。people除与nation的含义相同外,还指同一语言但并不同一种族的人群,如the peoples of Asia(亚洲各民族),an industrious people(勤劳的民族),the English-speaking people(使用英语的各民族)等。

need,require,want

动词。这几个词的共同含义是“需要”。need泛指需要,尤指生活上需要。如:Children need milk.(孩子们需要牛奶。)The watch needs repairs.(这块表需要修理。)require强调为了完成一定的任务或达到某种目的而迫切需要。如:The wounded personnel require immediate medical attention.(伤员们需要立即治疗。)want指一般地需要,主观愿望较弱。如:Everyone wants peace.(人人都需要和平。)

noiseless,quiet,silent,still

形容词。这几个词的共同含义是“无声的”。noiseless指“无噪声的”,如a noiseless typewriter(无声打字机)。quiet指“由于没有动作而无声或轻声的”,强调“平静”的特点,如a quiet evening(寂静的夜晚),a quiet life(平静的生活)等。silent指“缄默无言的”,如a silent prayer(默祷),a silent reading(默读),a silent reproach(无言的责备)等。still的含义大致同quiet,但程度更重,指“极其平静的”。如:All sounds are still.(万籁俱寂。)The forest was eerily still at night.(森林里晚上宁静得可怕。)

now,nowadays

副词。这两个词的共同含义是“现在”。now指此刻或此刻前后或长或短的一段时间,如这几年,今年乃至这一分钟。如:He is working in his office now.(他此刻正在办公室工作。)He now lives in New York.(他现在住在纽约。)He arrived here just now.(他刚到这里。)nowadays则主要指这些日子,且用于与过去比较时。如:We used to drive our car,but nowadays petrol is too dear.(我们过去常开汽车,但现在汽油太贵了。)

on,upon

介词。这两个词同义,但有下列区别:①on比upon通俗,口语中多用on。②表示日期时用on,而不用upon,如on saturday(在星期六),on July 15(在7月15日)等。③在某些习语中,on与upon不能互换,如on all accounts(无论如何),upon my word(我保证),once upon a time(从前)等。④在句末的动词不定式后往往用upon,而不用on,如nothing to depend upon(无所依靠),nothing to live upon(无以为生)等。