书城文化英汉修辞格比较与翻译
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第8章 修辞格的翻译原则

英汉修辞格在互译时,也需遵循翻译的一般规律,总体说来可以分为以下三种情况:

一 可以直译的修辞格

直译法(Literal Translation)是指在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的条件下,在译文中保留英语习语的比喻形象以及民族、地方色彩的方法。英汉虽属于不同的民族,但人们都生活在同一个地球上,对许多事物的看法基本上是一致的。因此,对于英汉两种语言中相类似的常用修辞格,如明喻(Simile)、隐喻(Metaphor)、拟人(Personification)、夸张(Hyperbole)、委婉(Euphemism)、转喻(Metonymy)、移就(Transferred Epithet)、递升(Climax)、递降(Anti-climax)、排比(Parallelism)、设问(Rhetoric Question)等,直译往往是行之有效的方法。在用词和修辞结构上既可以与原文保持一致,又可以做到形神皆似。例如:

(1)Every tree and every branch was encrusted with bright and delicate hoarfrost,white and pure as snow,delicate and refined as carved ivory.

译文:每一棵树,每一根树枝,都包裹着一层明亮精美的白霜,像雪那样的洁白,那样的纯净,像牙雕一般精致优美。

(2)I don't know what it is to see into the heart of a friend through the“window of the soul”,the eye; I can only“see”through my fingertips the outline of a face.

(Helen Keller: Three Days to See)

译文:我不知道通过“心灵的窗口”——眼睛,去观察一个朋友的内心是什么样子的。我只能用我的指尖来“看”脸庞的轮廓。

(海伦·凯勒:《假如给我三天光明》)

(3)Splendid cheeses they were,ripe and mellow,and with a two hundred horse-power scent about them that might have been warranted to carry three miles,and knock a man at two hundred yards.

(Jerome K.Jerome: The Odour of Cheese)

译文:这些奶酪又香又嫩,好极了。四溢的香气足有二百匹马力那么强大,管保三英里以外能闻到,二百码远处站着的人被熏倒。

(杰罗姆·杰罗姆:《奶酪的气味》)

(4)All that can happen to her has happened.She has endured all,borne all,experienced all,suffered all,lost all,wept all.

译文:她可能发生的一切都已经发生了。她忍受了一切,承担了一切,经历了一切,遭受了一切,失去了一切,为一切流过泪。

(5)故事很美丽,优雅,有趣。许多美的人和美的事,错综起来像一天云锦,而且万颗奔星似的飞动着,同时又展开去,以至于无穷。

(鲁迅:《好的故事》)

译文:It was a lovely,charming,enthralling story.Many beautiful people and beautiful things mingled like the cloud tapestry in the sky,flying past like a myriad shooting stars,yet stretching out into infinity.

(6)赶超,关键就是时间,时间就是生命,时间就是速度,时间就是力量。

译文:In catching up with and surpassing the world advanced levels,time is the key factor.Time means life,time means speed,time means strength.

(7)一个人在学问上果能感觉到有趣味,有时真会像是着了魔一般,真能废寝忘食,真能不知老之将至,苦苦钻研,锲而不舍,在学问上焉能不有收获?

译文:A man who is really interested in learning sometimes does act like one possessed.He forgets his approaching old age and works hard even to the neglect of his meals and sleep.Isn't it but natural for a man of such devotion to have scholarly achievements?

(8)这架飞机该有多大的重量啊!它载着解放区人民的心,载着全中国人民的希望,载着我们国家的命运。

(方纪:《挥手之间》)

译文:What a heavy load this aeroplane bore! It carried the hearts of the people of the liberated areas,the hopes of the entire Chinese people,and the destiny of our country.

二 可以意译的修辞格

在翻译带有修辞格的句子时,如果按照字面意义和语法结构直译出来会使人感到别扭,甚至译文意思与原文相去甚远,这时就需要通过转换、增译、减译等方法来更忠实地表达原文的思想内容,这种方法叫做意译法。以意译法为主的修辞格有拟声(Onomatopoeia)、对偶(Antithesis)、双关(Pun)、顶真(Anadiplosis)、借代(Antonomasia)等。例如:

(1)I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine,with its clanking,heel-clinking,dandified Prussian officers…

(Winston S.Churchill: Speech on Hitler's Invasion of the U.S.S.R)

译文:我看到这一切正面临着凶暴的袭击,正杀气腾腾地扑向他们的是纳粹的战争机器同它的全副武装、刀剑当当有声、皮靴咚咚作响的普鲁士军官……

(温斯顿·丘吉尔:《关于希特勒入侵苏联的演讲》)

(2)城乡路万千,路路有航天。

(航天汽车)

译文:East,West,Hangtian is best.

(3)Time and tide wait for no man.

(谚语)

译文:岁月不待人。

(4)He acts so highly and mighty; I despise him!

译文:他那么趾高气扬,我真瞧不起他!

(5)United,there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided,there is little we can do,for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.

(肯尼迪总统就职演说)

译文:团结一致时,我们合作的多项事业将无往不利;一旦分手,将一事无成,因为在不合与分裂中,我们不敢应付任何强有力的挑战。

(6)输入千言万语,奏出一片深情。

(文字处理机)

译文:This word processor plays a tune of deep feeling whenever you are typing.

(7)春风秋月,地北天南,时间的长河流过了九曲十八弯,他至今还留在我记忆的沙滩上。

(韩少功:《风吹唢呐声》)

译文:Long years have passed away and his image still remains fresh on the sandy beach of my memory,although I am far away from that mountain village.

(8)宋人多数不懂诗是要以形象思维的,一反唐人规律,所以味同嚼蜡。

(毛泽东:《给陈毅同志谈诗的一封信》)

译文:Most poets of the Song Dynasty did not know that the art of poetry is thinking in terms of images.They departed from the laws of poetic writing of the poets of the Tang Dynasty,and as a result their poems are as inspired as chewing wax.

(9)将那三春看破,桃红柳绿待如何?把这韶华打灭,觅那清淡天和。

(曹雪芹:《红楼梦》第五回)

译文:She will see through the three Springs and set no store,

By the red of peach blossom,the green of willows,

Stamping out the fire of youthful splendor,

To savor the limpid peace of a clear sky.

(A pun meaning the three months of spring and the three elder girls.All the girls had the character chun or spring in their names.)

(杨宪益、戴乃迭 译)

三 难以翻译的修辞格

由于很多修辞格在构造和使用上具有很大的特殊性,往往依据具体语境的不同而不同,且承载着很大的文化含量,因此这类修辞格的例子,往往是不可译的具体体现。在后面的讨论中,将会陆续呈现,因此这里暂且略过。

当然,作为一名有责任的译者,不能遇难而退,而是应该想方设法传递出原文中的那种妙不可言的美丽。遇到难以翻译的修辞格时,还是要尽量地通过弥补或者改换的方法,来实现语言信息和文化内涵的传递。